PL 4773 
.C3 





jP-nf., 


•1°^ . 


^O ^ tt t ‘x * A> 

& ® aO^ (* ^ • ^ V ^ ^ 



‘ i aO (* 

<*' A^ 

« 




■/ • 



a C^ o -L 




: <;>*’ :; 

<» aV’^ -* 

/ # •• 

f„ ■’•'* «../<> 

A V V» 

^ a'*^ o 


.0^' .•.•°- 

A , I > * ^ «<Jv'' c ° “ “ -» 0^ t • *■ * 

7. , C® *"^((l?Z^ t ^ A^ 0*’^^^%'^ ^ ^ *"^!(J?/ *-. ' 

0^ ^ r$i 




^ ^ '' • .V" s.., “" ° 

t 'f'^ *' 

•-'T. * ,G^ ^ ’-o . . -" A ' 

C^ J'n^jr?7Z^ 4^ ^ 

^ 4^ O ‘A 


♦ XV "y^ • 

, IS y ^ A - 

'O . * o A 

< A'" 0 ° 




b V 



o V • 

4 O vV «5 \ <^//ll^ ^ 

'^v vv ” 

a 'A'^f% o^ A^y* ■* 

< * 4^ ^ % 



P a 






° ° ' 


^ o 

•v ^ 

QP^ , ^ ' « , VJ-^ 6 " “ “ • 

>' Tj, '.-t^.- „0 ■ '-^il^f.* .<•»■■ P„ '- 


A « *• ' * ^ ^o 



* v'^ "-t;*' .0 

.A'' 6 “ “ ® “» 

ot.<*A 


o V 



./ •' 

- O' V V 

a A^'^ ■* ' 

-A^ * ^ %, • 

<> '"^T'r*' ,0'' ^ “ •' V ^ ->. 

-» o'^ A*^ ^ 

c *^/r7^\ A / 







<0 vV 

v.'j’- *> v^ .^i:aj^ Ar ^ ,v^ , 


A^ 















*■ 

vf* V * 


O. 'o,\* A 


;* - 5 ^ 



rfi V y 

. -^ 0 ^ ‘j 

* A V 

•' ’ <<r 




'> A^ * 

^ ... . 0 ^ O 'o *. • A 

,. yfk fU ^ . 

« 0 ^ '' 'V-^ A 

• 


A^ e ® •? “ -* 

o • 

...o' ‘♦...•’ #^ %'*"^‘. 5 P'^ 

^ ^ ^ >9 ^ .^w .A. ^ ^ • 




\P <7 *> 



""o ^ * 

^•^% ■.^•“ /\ ., 

.V.»..''<^^'"‘ /..;^>o'"'‘>' .^-o V"‘ 0 ^' 

*^>v .. C ^fif/j/y^^ <> « C 



* ^ * 
*■ \p^ *» 





o V 





>■ V' <^J. <0 «*'L*®' > V’ **. C 


o -. - 0* n'5 ^ .^£»«f,* A O, 

♦ c\ . 0 ~ ^ • o-. > \/ * 

/ 'i&itoo # '' 

'*^^//hX Vv “ 

®L,/«>oxvr 

• W^iir^ ♦ -0? c>. o K/ ^^\F 

'o • * ^ A <> * ‘ ^ 'o. * * A 

'^ov^ '^Qv f 





o *' 

.o'^ V 

^■i' ■ - 

^ V" <L 

_ o « o . ^ ^ , I « * ., 




O « A 


o iP VV •• 
C' <> • jA ^ 

O. aO^ • 0 -. ^ 

<* ^ A*^ » 

• XA A. 

'.* y* •^<^ • 




0 ry^ ^ ♦■ 

". o' .' 


L-IO.*. 



V. .0 

A* ..il"., \ 


^ V 



/°A ■■ 


“o 

A' «^*, 





A® 

♦ AT 

* <\ ^ '*' 

A‘i’'^ 0 “ " ” 

'tt.A 

> 

A* ^ y^jys^ * N' ,-, 

o « O - ,0 *'»,!* AV 

> *«''*"' > V ^L*AJ* A 





^ ^ « 


♦ »> 

V ^ 4 

° j-° •n#.^ ■. 

°... •. V. ’ iO’’ '^i._ 










J 


GRAMMAR 


OF THE 


T E L I N G A L A N G U A G i 


Bv W^fjAREY, D.D. ii; 

Professor of tk^ S^NGSKRIT, BENGALEE,'an0fAflRATTA 
Lun'^ua^esyin'pie College of Fori Jf Miam. 




. \ . 



PIllNTt;Z3 AT THE r.USSlO.N-i*B,ESS, 


IB 14 









I 



A GRAMMAR, &c. 

SECTION L 
Of the Letterii 

THE Telmgof alphabet contains fifty letters, of 
which sixteen are vowels and thirty-four consonants. 

Vo'wels. 

^ 0, e? a, 8^ ee, cy bo, ^ oo, -iCscO roo> 
were roo, eX) Iroo, Iroo, ^ e, ^ b ^ o, ^ oft^ 

^6 ung, ^8 uh. 




, - 'Cqnsoriahisi 





X 



gutturalSi 

ka 

kha 

ga 

gha 

gna 






# 

palatines. 

ch‘a 

cktia 


jha 

gneea 

<b 


tC 


v> 

linguals^ 

in 

tha 

iid 

dh<i 

ad 


if 

$ 




dentals^ 

ta 

tha 

da 

dha 

na 







Jabialsi 

pa 

pba 

ha 

hhd 

van 


OCo 

y« 

rd 

0 

id 

vra 


semi-vowels. 






sibilants, 

shfi 

sa 

jshd 

ha 

~ A . 

lU 



RemOrh on the Letters. 

1. The first ten vowels are short long 

or grave Exam. a, S^, i, dv oo, WK5, ri, 

and eX), li, are short, and a, ee, c^, oo, 
ree, and cxp*, lee, are long. 

2. The grave sound is not distinguished by ary 
particular mark, but is expressed in several words, as 

alas! t6r^5> Ofoolish monkey, 
an exclamation expressive of pain byeold^ (^o^, many, 
^ <^ome hither. 

3. ^ has two sounds, the first is that of the English 

a in name, or of the French e; the other resembles 
that of ya, pronounced short: no examples o^'tlie first 
sound are necessary, but that of the second occurs 
in Kg, a seaL pronounced g?/ddya, an ornament 
for’the toe, pronounced mittya, a basket, pro¬ 

nounced pettya, and wood, pronounced kwttya. 

4, ^ has likewise two sounds, the first is the' 

same as that of ow in owl, the other is a’ shorter pro¬ 
nunciation of the same sound. 

.'-'V 

6. o has two sounfisi the first is a nasal sound given 



OF THE LETTER Sf. 


3 


to the Towel with which it is comnected; the other is 
the fu 1 sound of ng, if it end a word or precede a let¬ 
ter of the first class, that of n if it precede a consonant 
of the second, third, or fourth class, and that of m if it 
precede a consonant of the fifth class. S gives the vowel 
which it follows an abi;*upt sound. 

7. The first twenty-five consonants are distribut¬ 
ed into five regular classes, (sfXf) each of which is 
pronounced with the same organ, as expressed in the 
alphabet. The oth^r letters aVe ipiscellaneous. 

8. The sounds of the first class of consonants are 
expressed by the English letters placed under them. 

9. and ^ have each two sounds, the first is that 
of the English cb, and j, ( as expressed in the alpha¬ 
bet), the other sounds are those of s andz. The English 
letters express the sounds of the other letters of this 
class. 

10. The letters of the third class, though usually ac¬ 
counted difficult of pronunciation, are no other than 
the English sounds expressed by t and d, Avith their 
aspirates. Tile pronunciation of the ^ is, however 

A 


4 


TEIilNG^ GRAMMAR. 


confessedly difficult, and mustbp acquired by means 
of a iiting instructor. 

11. The letters of the fourth class, though expres¬ 
sed by the same EJiigdish letters with those of the third, 
are not pronounced like them. These require that 
the tip of the tongue in pronouncing tl^ein should 
be put to the root of the upper teeth, 

\% The sounds of the letters of the fifth class are 
expressed by the English letters placed under them. 

however, has seldom the sound of the English f, 
but is that of p aspirated. 

IS. GCo expresses the sound of the English y ; it 
admits, however, of some little variation of its power 
under different circunistances. 

14. . has two sounds the one is that of the En¬ 
glish r, tire other is formed by a slight inflection of 
the point of the tongue towards thei palate. This 
letter in Teh'nga books, especially when final, is of¬ 
ten written with this charaeter aa which, has the same 

gound . ; 


r 


OF the letter So : 


I 


15. The sounds of o, sT, and are 

expressed by the English letters placed under them. 

16. The pronunciation pf ^ can scarcely be ac¬ 
quired without a living instructor ; in pronouncing it 
the tongue is raised up on one side so that its under¬ 
side near the tip touches the roof of the mouth. 

Of compounding Letters, 

17. Every consonant is supposed to have the vowel 
© inherent in it; that vowel therefore is pronounced 
with every consonant except it ba suppressed, or its 
place occupied by another letter, 

18. A vowel in its proper form cannot follow a 
consonant in the same syllable, but will make a dis¬ 
tinct syllable. Mxam> 

19. When a vowel therefore follows a consonant 
in the same syllable it assumes a form differing from 
its proper form, usually appearing as a part of the let¬ 
ter, and always takes the place which was occupied 
by the inherent Exam, g, ki, koo, N. B. An 
initial vowel suffers no chan^’e of form. 


flSS.^NG^ GEAMMAE. 


20. The following table shews the form of the 
symbols or representative signs of the vowels, and the 


manner of their junctmn 


Vowel, 

SymbpJ, 







(k 

c 




D 





€xr® 

vre 

CO 






<v- 


cra 


■sm 


21. The vowel 0 bein] 
‘ ry consonant requires no si; 


a consonant: 

Vowel uniteJ to a consonant.. 



ka 

§ 


1 

kee 

S5 

koo 


o 

o 


kre 


kree 


klz 



CO 

klee 

"? ' 

ke 

1. 

ki 

r 

ko 

r 

kou 


naturally inherent in eve- 
n to express it. Exam. 


22. Any consonant, niay be compounded with a 
1 

t 


1 


OF THE BETTERS. 

precedin'^ consonant, by placbi^ it under it, or by 
conaecting it therewith in some other way. In this 
Case the inherent vowel of the first consonant is ex¬ 
pelled, and its place occupied by the latter consonants 
Exam. ^3 kta. 

23. Several consonants when they follow a preced¬ 
ing consonant without an intervening vowel, assume 
a form difTeren t from their natural oise* The follow¬ 
ing is a list of them! 


Consonairf. 

Representative sign. 

CoDipaiTndeiJ consonant. 


cr- 


ska 

x' 

O 

o 

dg« 



(yo 

dgii^r 


td 

15 

shcha 




shchha 



<45 



bja 




bjln^ 


o 

o 

nth^E 

t: 

G 


nd« 




ndlm 

4 


s, 

kta 


8' 


TBtrVGJ «RAMMA»: 


Coos»!janh Representative sign. Compound consonant. 


$ 

<5> 


ktha 




tnti or'?^’^,nha 



g) 

Jp« 




Ipha 


'iib 

dba 


V 

n 

'V 

dbht? 

sG . 


1 

tmrt 

ccS 



kya 

xS 

ij 


tra 

o 

PO 

CO 

Ma 


.s* 


kwa 



1 

ksha 

cl 


' 1. 

ts« 




tshfjj 




lh« 




nlla 


N. B. Those marked with a star * are placed on 

< 

^the right side of the letter^ but ail the others under it 
or'nearly so, 

r 

24, In the same manner three or more consonants 
may be compounded, jExam. str«, 

{■ 



OF NOUNS. 


9 


■which is a compound formed by ^ and 
usually reckoned amon^ the letters of the alphabet., 
and placed the last of them. 

SECT. JI, 

Of Words. 

Words are of three sorts, viz. Stingskr?t« wordsj^ 
words derived from the S^ngskreta, and words of un^ 
certain derivation which are current in the country. 

1. Pure Swngskrit« W'ords, used in thi.«r 

language, form the first class. Exam. a 

man. 


2. Words derived from the SMngskr^t<i (^i©), 

but written and pronounced differently, form the 
Cond class. *^' 550 , Vfshnoo, 

3. Words current in the country, of 

which the derivation is uncertain, form the third 
class. Exam. oer^, the moon, a month, Itoo, aprice^i 

B 


i 10 


r EL IS GA GRAMMAR, 


4. Words are further distinguished intOj first (^Q 
names of relations. Exam. a father, 

^t^,'a 7 nother,^o\^, a father, ^'0, a mother, 
an elder sister, a younger sister. 

Secondly, (■^t5o). proper names. Exam, 
^hirsingha, (a proper name). 

Thirdly, generic or common noUns. 

Exam. « hrahmun,-^^, a sovereign, efg),. 

a cow or hull, Odo^, a bullock, a horse, 6£o 

an elephant. 

Fourthly, (t^cC^p^sr^^ssoj), verbals, including par¬ 
ticiples, &c. Exam. a cook, 

a speaker, u writer, , fallen, 

■f'litl of blossoms, enlarged* 



Fifthly, adjectives. Exam. oif 

blue, ivkite, oeot5f, rec?. 

c 

5, There are three genders, (^o©oX5Sa>) the mas-, 
cuiine, (^goX;^) the feminine:, and(^§o'^^0oX^), 
the neuter. 



OF N O U S. 


ll\ 


6. Sz^ngskrit« words are of the same gender as in( 
that language. Exam. God, a 

wife, wisdom. 

’ll. Words derived from the Swngski^'tff, and current 
words of uncertain derivation are usually, if names of 
males, masculine, if names of females, feminine, and if 
names of other things, neuter. Exam. or 

a hrahmun, or « brah- 

piuness, wood. , 

8. Generic terms are often neuter, and som/ 
words are of two genders particularly SwiigskritiX 
words which mean clouds and seas, and a few others. 
Exam. and'or'So^o^, a cloud, 

and’^ssco^gi^ or the sea, 

aud or 

fire, a bull or ox, and S'o^gJssS, a wife^ 


/ 


the Declension of Nouns. 

'9. There aretwo numbers, the singular ' 

and the plural 




3f T E L JK G^ G R A M M A n, 

; 

^ 10. There are seven cases of nounSj, the nomi- 

native^ the accusative, the instrumental, the dative, 
the ablative, the genitive, and the locative, which are 
Usually called the first, the second, 

the third, the fourth, the 

fifth, the sixth, and the seventh* 


11. The terminations and eX) arc affixed in 
the first case; and in the second; 

and^C^, in the third; and1_, in the 

fourth ; and in the fifth; §, So, andg^oo 

1^, in the sixth; 0o£5S, in the seventh, and and 
^X5, in the vocative. These terminations are ap¬ 
plied to the singular and plural numbers as follows: 


Sing. 




Plur, 

— ex5. 




2 . 

' 3 .— 

-4. — -1. 


— 


In the vulgar language is usually added to the termination 
aadnotunfrequently the termina,tion is written instead 



OF NOUNS, 


Sing. 


Plan 


6. — 

6 . — 

7, — €5^^255, 

yoc.-^c 


— 

— 00 ^ 3 . 
— epj<. 


12. (^ is substituted for the final vowel of mascu* 
line nouns which have not a final c?. 

13. 2^ is affixed to form the nominative and ^ 

the vocative singular of masculines which have not a 
final S^. Mxum. O God, 

14. © must be inserted before and the termi¬ 

nations which follow it, (rule 11,) in the plural num-| 
l)er. Exam. gods. 

15. In poetical writings the final of the termina¬ 

tion ^tjc is rejected, but not in conversation. Exam, 
"Sgi, god, (poetic.) god. 

16. The final of the termination ^ is optional¬ 
ly rejected in the plural number. Exam, 

and gods, 


( 

■14 T E L JF N G ^ e R A 

17. In the singular number ^ must be inserted 
. before 5S5^'u)6 and all the terminations following it^ 

(rule 11) except the ^ of the genitive singular^ 
before which only ^ is inserted, ^xam. 
god, bi/ a god, a god^s, 

18. cjC5c is optionally inserted before the termina¬ 
tion 0 o233j of the seventh case. When cDo is not in¬ 
serted the of the inserted syllable ^ is rejected. 

> Sxam. or in a gerdiSi^^oz^, 

^ godSf 

19. ^ is not inserted before the terminations of 

Hie vocative singular^ nor O before those of the 
plural. The particles, ?o of ?cCCO are prefixed 
words in the vocative. JExa7n. 0 god, 

^COO 0 gods, 

Fattern. of a masculine noun with a final 0. 

‘ ~5>z^, a god. 

Singular. 

1. 'St^^,agod: 

2. •S®?>,'ag5So;or^^^,'Sg?iSSj^f, gat?. 



O F N O tJ N S. ' ^ 15 

S. hy a god, 

4. ^0 or for a god. 

5. , from a god. 

7. 'S)g^o^cts5, in a god. 

Voc. 2cCC0 0 g-od 

Plural, 

1. goffs. 

2. or'g)g©^,agosS^f, goJs. 

3 . f~Si^0^^x~iSi^O^C^}bygods. 

4. 'S)§o‘5_, <0 «>p/or goc?s. 

. 6. ’2>§0cSco^, goers’. 

7. ■ag0CC^c:55.^g0oji3^ in gods. 

Voc. 2oCCCi Ogods. 

Thus are declined So^S\<^^ a mm, jz 

giant, a hrahmun, c5x«§^0Cc, a kshetriya^ 

a speaker, a cook, €S‘^'^, a father, 

a son, and all other Swngskrita jnasoulines 
which have a final 



I 

1 $ . tel^ng^ grammar. 

Ohsenations on the first case, 

20. The ^ of the nominative singular, theeX5 of 
the nominative plural, and the of the vocative, are 
sometimes rejected and sometimes retained in words 
derived from the Swngskrite, and in current words 
of uncertain derivation. 

21. The pronoun he, is frequently affix¬ 

ed to the two kinds of words above-mentioned as the 
termination of the nominative, instead of the regular 
termination. Exam. a hrahmun, 

a king.^ 

22. The filial^ of a hrahmin, is reject¬ 

ed before the ^ and eo of the nominative case, and 
the XC and of the vocative. 

23. These two kinds of words do not require the 
substitution of cy forthe final vowel. Exam. 

f a hrahmun, brahmans, a cow-keep-^ 

e?', cow-keepers. 



( 

) 

OP N 0 U NS. ' 17 

§4. Proper names derived from the SMiigskrita 
IrequireJ^b in the nominative singular. Exain. 
Zukshmima. N. B. These ^ords are seldom used 
in the plural. 

' 25. The pronoun ^2^ is affixed to generic terms 
'derived from the SttUgskritc, including the names of 
^trades or professions, instead of the termination 2^ 
of the nominative singular. Exam, a car- 

penter^ a potter, a smith, 

a. shoodra. 

26. Generic terms of uncertain derivation, re¬ 
quire ^ 2^0 after tdfem when used as masculines. 
Exam, sSoXo^2^, a barber, oS3-»0'33**2^, a chun* 
data. 

27. The pronoun is not affixed to proper 

names of uncertain derivation, nor is affixed to 
make the vocative. Exam. ^^2^, Pootta or Val- 
mika, Penta, "^odo, O Penta, 

28. Neither 2^ nor are affixed to current 

Words of uncertain derivation, which express reH- 

C 


E L'r N Gvf G II A M A R. 


I 

If ■ 

tionshipj except such as Ynean an infant^ a child^ a 
father, a younger brother^ a grandson, or a daiigh- 
4;er’s husband. Bxam. Wif, a.^grund-father, 
jz mother's brother, an elder brother. But 2^ 
is affixed in the following instances: « little 

child,cm infant, a child, ©g)2^, a 

■ beloved child, a child, « .father, 

^^ 2 ^ 0 , a younger son, 55j-»^55S2^, a grandson^ 
a daughter's husband. 

29. oS^2^0 is affixed without a previously insert¬ 

ed syllable to verbals. Exam./^o^'sj^t^, a took, 
or he cooking, 5^(So^2^ the bearer of a burden. 

50. Words derived from the SMngskn’t«, which 
have a final 0 do nol admit the termination of 
the accusative case, nor the go of the genitive. Exam. 

brfthmun, brahmu7i,:^'^!^§, 

a brahmun's, a brahmun's. 

51. Words ending in 0 expressive of relationship 
or kindred, which are derived from the SMngskrzt<Zj 
do not admit the ^ of the accusative or the § of the 

• genitive. .After such words ^ is inserted before 
w 




O F m o U K S, 


19 


SJ-af. £:xam: father, 

a father’s. 

32. Neither ^ nor ^ is inserted before the ter* 
iriinations of. the other cases in words of this kind^ 
fJxam. hy a father,a father’s^ 

S3. Neither the ^ of the accusative, or the | ofthe- 
genitive case .are affixediafter *0^^, a grandfather,^ 
or any other words of uncertain derivation which 
mean a father^ a maternal uncle^ an elder brother, o^^ 
a*, sister's husband. MxaT^.'^^^, gi'and^father^ 

father, uncles elder bro*. 

tfer^ sister’s husband:.^ 

Other words of felatioiiship, which are ofun* 
certain derivation, do not admit ^ in the accusative^ 
Mxam.yS^^'P. boy, child, grand^son, 

daughter’s hush and i ^ -■ 

35., When a ejiildf is foHowedby any tet^mi- 
nation except ‘p, ^ must be inserted before the ter- 
linination. Exain. 

•'ehild^ ■ 

C2 


f4 


TEL/NBT^ (MtAWtMAR. 


S6, ^ yS is not to form the^ genitive.case o£ 
a child. Exanu achild's^ 

a cJ^ild’s. 

, Of Masculines with <t final 

' t.- • 

37. The final ^ of Sj^ngskritfl words becomea 
when followed by any termination. Exam. 

%i^h.one who drinks, all thing^Sy he who. 

blows a shelL 

38. and two proper names ofi 

G^^ndh^^^v<^ kings^ are exceptions to the above rule, 
the final not becoming short The termination 2^- 
of the nominative, ^ of the accusative, § of the ge-* 
nitive, and, 'C^ of the vocative, are not used to these 
two words,, nor is the syllable p inserted before the^ 
terminations. . is, however, inserted before the 
^-£)f of the accusative. Exam- ^ Haha, 

(5o, Haha, Haha, ^ s5^§, Haha’s, 

2 ^^, 0 Haha. Thu^ also Hoohoo, 

. c and ■S)o§^’0^, the name of afi idol^ 

which are Mahratta words, are declined like 

There are no masculines derived from the S^ngs* 



O B NiQr lfcN SU i' Si 

krita, or cjarrent; words of unceytam derivatioii, with 
atfinal. , in this, language;. 


Of Masculines with a final 

S9, The terminations. yS, and 2^, are, not 

admitted after words with a final ^ ; also the syllable 
^ isnot. inserted before ^ and theterminations which 
follow it. Exam. ^ a poet, poets, ^ 

poeti poet, a poet, a 

poeVs, a poet’s, 0 poet, 2a 

Q poets. 

Thus a proper name, X5s>, the sun, %c. 

Thus^ also, a<S'2^8, a brahmun, a relations 
and other words of relationship. 

There are very few Si^ngsknta verbals, oradjec- 
tives with a final S^. 


. 40. Proper names with a final S^, derived from 
the Swngskrita, are declined like those which are pure 
Smigskrita. Exam, 23% fire, ortkegodUgni 
Kireetee, 




(■■ 

tELJNG-4 grammar; 

^ TheiL are ho .masculine generic terms, adjectives, 
or verbals derived from the SMugskr^cr, which hav© 
a final 

41. The particle is frequently affixed to 

words of uncertain origin which have a final or 
d-, unless they are used in a honorific or respectful 
sense. Exam. or a 

or the head man of a village, {if he he a shoo-* 
dra). 

K 0 • 

42. is not affixed to a trader, 

a father, a son, and other names of relatives, 

... .. Of Masculines y)ith a final 

43. The final ■^, of Swogskrito: masculines, be¬ 
comes short, and they are declined as Exam^ 

a cdjflain, the chief man of a vil* 

lage. 

^' "M^ciAltitis of the two other classes, with a final S}, 
do not occur. • 



OF O U N S. 



2.3 

Of Masculines with a;final 

44. § is optionally inserted after Swngskrita 
words with a final cy. 

45. When g is inserted^ the terminations 
and §/and the inserted syllable are not ad- 

mitte(i 

, Example. 

singular. 

1. a teacher. 

..., _ [l^acher. 
7^t5S§^p l)y a teacher. 

6. T^XSS^^p 1^X5S’^p 7^X5S%^p of a teacher, 

Voc. 2o 7^Co, or 7^t3o§, 0 teacher. ^ 

Plural. 

1. T^tJogeo, 7^X5Sex>p teachers. 

% T^CoO^, ?^t3oge^-^e, T^CoO 






TELIKGvI grammar. 


I 

\ 

\ 

m 

46. and other proper names, also 

Siingskrita names of relations, follow the same rule. 
Exam. and Vishrtoo, and 

Shumhoo, and a son, 

and ‘fi)or;5og, a relation. 

Swngskr^te masculine names of species, with a fi- 
nald-jUre of rare occurrence in this language. 

47. § is not inserted after proper names with a 
final c^, derived from the SMiigskrita. Exam. 

Vishnoo, 516 tjo^, Cupid, the sentiment of 

disgust (personified), the moon. 

... - ( 

Generic terms with a final c^, derived from the 
S^ngskritcr do not occur. 

48. § is constantly inserted after ScrsS,- a friend. 

The terminations 2^, p, and §, and the insert¬ 
ed syllable ^ are not admitted. Exam. a 

friend. 

49. The final of the self-existent, 

the only masculine with a final c^, becomes short, 
and the word is declined like J^o^TjSS. Exam. 

and *^(ScCoo^;^g^, the self-existent. 






OF NOUNS. 


35 


Of Masculmes with a final ‘zsco. 

50. 09 is substituted for a final 'ZtWh 

51. The terminations and §, and the 

inserted syllables and ^ are not admitted after thd 
09 which is substituted for a final ' 2 C 00 ; ^ however 
is inserted before §o ^f. Exam, a sustainer; 

sustainers ; sustainer ; 

sustainer; hy a sustainer ; "^^So 

or a sustainer’s ; ^ O sustainer; 

^ O sustainers. 

53. Names of relations^ as a father^ 

a brother, and verbals^ as a cook, a speak^ 

er, ^c. follow the same rule. Exam. a fa^ 
ther ; fathers , a brother bro^ 

thers ; a cook ; cooks ; a speaker / 

speakers. 

Of words zoith a final 

There are no Swngskr^t masculines with a final 
D 


f 




^ TELJIJG^ GRAMMAR. ^ 

53. C is inserted after 'd, a king, before the ter¬ 

minations'2^ and 2^. The terminations and §6, 
are not affixed to this word. Exam, a king ; 

^ *^ 02 ^, 0 king ; 1)0, king’s ; 10^'t> O hngs ; 
and l^yjr^-^ej king ; Ipi and 1^^%^. « 

54. a palankeen bearer, is dedinedhke C, 

but does not admit the nasal in the nominative and 
vocative cases. Exam. « hearer. - - 

55. ?5o and §6 are not affixed to a hoy, m 

the singular number. Exam, ^ 

eX), hoys; hoyhoys; 

hoy; hoys ; boy’s; 

of hoys. 

In the western parts of the country S)^, a boy, 
is written with a final and declined like 

Of Feminines. 

56. The final long vowel of S^ngskrit^j femi¬ 
nines, except that of monosyllables with a final 
becomes short. The termination C«b of the nominative 


OP NOUNS, 




singular, and of the vocative singular, are not af¬ 
fixed to such words, nor is cy substituted for the final 
vowel, as it is in masculines. 


57. The termination ^ of the accusative, and § 
of the possessive, are not affixed to feminine nouns, 
except they have a final ; those with a final 
never receive the ^ of the accusative, nor the ^ of 
the possessive. 

58. The syllables ^ and ^ are not inserted after 
feminine nouns, such excepted as have a final be¬ 
fore the terminations of the third and following cases. 

however, must be inserted before the terminati-* 
on of the accusative. 


59. The syllable is not inserted after feminines 
with a final except before the termination 

13 g 


r EL T If Ct A GRAMMAR. 


Example. 

mare. 

Sing. 

3. 0^cSj mare. 

2. or mare. 

3. hy a mare. 

Gen. e9^cSSo. e9^cSo8oo^. of a mare. 

Voc. ?o G mare. 

Plur. 

1- mares. 

. 2. e3‘'^cSe),t6 or mares. 

‘ S. ^c. hy mares. 

ft 

Gen. e3^<So^, of mares. 

Voc. 2o O mares. 

,, Thus are declined a proper name, 25S TT'f, 

<7 proper name, a she goat, a mother, 

an elder sister, a female speak- 

er, afejnale cook, ^c. But Luksh?Jiee, 

splendor, and other monosyllables^ are long in 
the nominative singular. Exam. Lukshmee; 
^ex>, Lukshmees ; splendor ; splendors j 


OF NOUNS. 


2D 

Lukshrfiee ; splendor ; Luksh’- 

mee"s ; of splendor.' ^ 

6.0. 0^, « mother, ^g), a fcither, ^cCo'Sj «/<*“ 
ther, and a sister, are frequently^ though not 
alwayS;, affixed to feminine proper names of women,, 
goddesses, and other beings , possessed of reason. 
The compound word is then declined as its last 
member Avhen separate. 

N. B. 0^ and are chiefly thus affixed in 
the western parts of the country, and 0g), in the eas¬ 
tern parts ; ©Gee'S, is generally affixed to the names 
of persons of the military tribe. 

V)y 

61. When 0^, ©g), ©cCcS^ or are af¬ 

fixed to any word, the final letter of the word is re¬ 
jected ; but in the words 

and and the corrupted form 

a short ^ is substituted for the final vowel. 
Exam. , or ©|^; 

Lukshniee ; ©■^CX5C'§, ©"^^j and 

©:g), Uchchi, (the corrupted way of writing Lwksh- 
mee); ~^X5‘§), lo^CCC'^, and 

PeroQ. But farvutee; 



30 


TELJNGJ GRAMMAR." 


Bhagiruthee, ^c. also JParvutee, ^ 

Bhagiruthee, ^c .' 

62. Q is affixed to Swngsknt^ g’eneric nouns fe^ 
minine, and to such as are derived from the Swngs- 
kretar. In the second and following cases singular 
is inserted after these words. The plural number 
does not differ from the masculine. Verbals with a 
final fcPj derived from the Swngskrft^, which are 
very few, and verbals of uncertain derivation with 
final are declined according to this rule. 

^ Example. 

« brctnmunessl 

Singular. 

1. a brahmuness. 

brahmuness. 

Plural. 

r , 

'1. brahmuness, 

brahmunesses. 

. Thus also « female shoodra, a 



OF NOUNS. 


SI 

h^ahmuness, a queen, ^c. which make in the 

nominative singular ^nd 

and in the accusative singular '^cO^Q® 

&c. 

Feminines in and 

63. The final of Sungskrita words, mono* 
syllables excepted,ls made short. 

64. is substituted for the final of Swngs* 

kn'tfl feminines, and those derived from the Swngs- 
\viia, monosyllables in -€4 excepted, when followed 
by the termination of any case in the plural number. 
Exam. LukshTiee; O^eJO, Lukshmees ; 
douree ; Gourees ; a brahmuness ; 

brahmunesses ; a daughter; 
eX), daughters ; a cook ; cooks ; 

Lukshmee; e^^eV), Lukshmees; understand¬ 
ing; understandings ; a good expres¬ 
sion ; good expressions. ^But" $, wisdom^ 

forms ^eX), wisdoms. / 

65. Words of uncertain derivation ending in 2^, 
usually require the termination ^ to the n ominative 

. ^ 




32 


T E li I N G GRAMMAR. 

Singular. It isliowever omitted after proper name/. 

Exam.^^, Boochchee Venkkee ; 5^^ S>, 

amerchanVs loifea clown's wife; 
tiler ; a house-wife. 

Of feminines in and c^. 

66. Sitngskrita proper names of females which 
end in or optionally change it to (^, and fol¬ 
low the rules for the declension of feminines with a 
final (^. Exam. Lukshmee. 

67. The final of a wife, becomes short. 

68. g) is inserted after femhiines in cy when the 

termination of any case is affixed^ and in the nomi¬ 
native singular when the termination is suppressed. 
Exam. a wife ; wives. 

69. § is inserted after words of uncertain de¬ 
rivation expressing relationship, except Sog, a 
grandmother which ^ is inserted. Exam. 

a grand-mother ; grand-mothers ; 

aM^fister. 

70. Feminines‘with a final are declined 



^ - O F N O U N S, 33 

as masculines. Exam. a another. a 

sister in law. a husband’s sister. a 

sister. 

Tl. S^CCC' is optionally substituted for the final 
of feminines ending in and in that case the word 
is declined like words ending in Exam. 
and a daughter ; and ^S>c0Oj ^ 

man. 

Sometimes, however, S^cCS is not substituted for 
the final as in a companion, ct 

servant girl, and handsome. 

72. The ^ of the accusative, and § of the geni¬ 
tive, are not affixed to words ending in Exam. 

daughter. daughter’s. 

73. ^ is inserted before but ^ is not in¬ 

serted before any termination, when the word has a 
finals. Exam.d^z^hter, > 

, by a daughter. 

' ( 

‘if .. 

There are no S^^ngskr^tff femi’dnes with a' final 

i E '' 


I 




GRAM mas; 


Of the neuter Gender. 

74. 5 o 3 and o g are optionally affixed to neuter*. 

Exam. and a reader, 8j^c5cS, 

and « s^zcrj/^ce^-^^SSco and ^^og,. Zime, 

|3oXsSx> and l^oXog^ a lion. 

Some words, however, particularly those of un¬ 
certain derivation, do not admit either of these affix¬ 
es. Exam. Sc^, a dog, « sheep, a wall, 

a shadow, =l 5 ^^, a fan to winnow corn, and j 
n stool. ‘ 1 

75. g is not inserted after these increments as 
it is after words with a final The of the no- 
.minative singular is always suppressed aftejr neuters. 

I 

'! 

76. ^ is substituted for the cy of the increment 
S5S, in the vocative case, o g, is neVer used in the 
vocative case. 

r.‘' 

^ 77. \ ^ noi>,'»ffixed after in the accusative nori| 
§ in the genitive q ■ neuters. ! 

, ' V '' 






6F nouns; 33 

78. p is not inserted before the termination of * 
the third and following' cases. 

Example^ 


knowledgel 

Singular. 

1. knowledge. 

2. f^^^^^-^e/knotvledge: 

3. , hy knowledge. 

6. df knowledge. 

Voc. knowledge. 

Plural. 

1. knowledges. 

2. f^^sscSO^SS. knom^ 

[ledges. 

79. %^,ahog, f\0, « mountain, a gem, 

and other words with a final S^, are declined like 
(page 21.) 


80. ^ is inserted after Swagskrit^y^neuterf with 

a final (^, but very seldom after ^/brds den^^ed from 
the S^^ngskr^t« and those of uncertain derivation. 
Exanh honey, 562^5 ^mey, (plur.) 


Eg 



1 


S6 


TELJNG^ GHAMMAR. 


g, a beast, beasts ; but ’So'Soex), cattle, 

rewmoW;, (of men or animals)^ reunions, ssoS 

the dandling of a child, dandlings, and 

many other words do not admit of c^. 

81. The final cy of neuters of uncertain deri¬ 

vation is frequently suppressed before the termina- 
dons of the plural number. Exam. a tree,'^^^ 

trees, a binding, a rope, bindings, ropVs, 

« curse, curses, the touching of 

what IS unlawful, touchings of what is unlaW" 
ful, a stone, stones, a dot, a bub- 

ble, dots, bubbles. 

There are no neuters with a final wssj, and no 

Swngskrit^z neuters with a final 

82. Neuters with a final have nothing pecu¬ 

liar in their declension. Exam, ss'g, a ring,:sSi'^Qjo, 
'^ings, wood, ^'^exy, pieces of wood, ^T), jas¬ 
mine, ^^'j}^,fii::;mines, a palace, pa- 

, V t<, a .leaiat a bottle, |J‘gex), leathern bot- 
-fe a village villages, a ring 

for th^ :^/’^^'^QX)j Vmgs for the toe. ^ ^ 

\ ■ 


OP NOUNS. 


S7 

Of <words with a final consonant 

83. The cSo of the nominative sin^ular^ and the 
of the vocative, are suppressed after words with a 
final consonant. 

84. ^ is substituted for a final or l\ when 

followed by any termination, and in the nominative 
and vocative singular when the termination is sup¬ 
pressed, Emm. a bee, bees, 

a bee, bees, a steal¬ 
er of gems, x5%oSSi^ex}, . stealers of gems, a 

.drop, drops. 

85. ^ is subsu+uted for the final of words end¬ 
ing in I, or J, and injuring, and 

affectionate, agreeable. Exam, a, point of the 
compass, the points of the compass, an 

eyp, eyes, touching clarified 

butter, {they) touching clarified but¬ 
ter, a word, words, ^ 

cloud, clouds, a phjsiciu,:^ 

physicians, eating ghee, ^ 

{they) eating ghee, a necklace, 

necklaces, injuring' a friend, 

/ 




33 TE L/N G R M A R. 

(they) injuring a fiiendj thi 

name of a measure of verse, couplets [of 

the measur^e called Ooshnih. 

86. g is substitu4;ed for the final of words end¬ 
ing with the verbal binding. Exam. 

a shoe, shoes. 

87. ^ is substituted for the finals of 0^, wdten^, 

and a point of the compass^ is substi¬ 
tuted for the final of the name of a 

particular ^easur^ of verse. Exam. "water', 

a point of the compaSS, trmeasure 

of verse. 

88. ^ is substituted for the final of words whichr 

eudvinr J/ or ^. '^Exam. iii^^'^^^ a king, ^X5 
§, autufnh, sacrifcial wood. 

89 ,, The ^ of 0^1/ spirit, and of 
pi'?*'^s<;;,"iv";r^pfessed; d* is affixed to a king, 

insfouxi of the laV vowel. Exam. a spirit, 0* 
spirits, if a king. 

I ' ' ' . ' 

90. ^is'ihserteti afteir the final of wofds'^endiitg 



OF A DETECT I YES. 


S9 


m Exam. a month, clarifi^ 

ed butter. 

There are no words with a final ?i, cl or J, nor 
any words with a final consonant except SMngskrzta 
ones. 


SECT. III. 

Of Adjectivjes. 

1* fl colour, is compounded with Swngs- 

liritfl5 adjectives meaning colours^ which are then de¬ 
clined like substanu ms ending in Exam. 
the blue Krishna. 

3. is inserted after masculine adjectives de¬ 
rived from the S^ngskrita^ and to such as are of un¬ 
certain derivation^, before the pronoun ^2^ is affix¬ 
ed to them. Exam. blue. 

yellow, handsome^ ? X^miid, 

gentle, 'red. 

3. ^ is inserted before T/S^/aiur aojectives 



40 


TEL/NG^.GRAM MA xv. 


which mean thick or large, and diy. Exam. 

thick, fat, plump, dri/. ' 


4. with the previously inserted syllable ^ 

is optionally affixed to dauntless, 'S)sr>^, stu^- 
pid, ssoSX, dumb, and a few. other words, but is 
constantly added to other passive participles. The 
^ is constantly inserted before the terminations of 
the other cases. Exam, and' un¬ 
daunted, and ‘Socrfe) stupid, cScoX and 

dumb, fallen. 


^ ■ • ' -no-,'' 

5. is optionally affixed to adjectives of 

uncertain derivation which exp’'<;ss exces.s or defici¬ 
ency of age. \yhen is not affixed to these 

words, the nominative is not made in nor the vo- 


.cati\T|e in Exam, -S)^ or of small 

pp M, 7^^ ox 

blind,- or lame. But it is con¬ 
stantly /iffixed to i5pio. sucking ; (a) 

pckin/ . 

i - -• ■’""C; ; : ,v. 


6. § mu ‘ constantly inserted after SMngs-< 

wA.ffi have a final (^. The.termina- 
tion 0 ^, and | hve never affixed to these W'ords, 







41 


..OF adjectives. 


por is the syllable ^ inserted before the terminati¬ 
ons. Exam. ejninent, meek, c5p> 


desirous of ^'oing, desirous of 


drinking. 

7. ^ is inserted before the final of adjectives 

which end in sf© or s<sj. is also inserted be¬ 

fore the terminations, t^oand ^ are affixed constant¬ 


ly to all such adjectives, except having 


cheek pouehes, to which they are affixed optionally. 


Exam. glorious, glorious. 


divine, 0 glorious {hiing"', 

and having high cheek bones, 

and, in some instances, 

Sco^, 0 {thou) icilh high cheek bones. 

8. When spirit, is the last member of 

a compound word, the | is rejected, and the word is 
' declined like a noun end mg' in ^ ; but if the first 
I member of the ermpound be witM ,, 

excellent, or universal, it is ^jfiionmi}'^ decib:- 

ed as the compOundfj-or as the pie word 
it Exam. virtuous, vir^ 










48 T E L i xW G GRAMMA*’. 

fyozis; (pl’,ir.) or p^ruad- 

ing, ©o|£-b^^eo or pervading, (plur.) 

0. Adjectives ending' with g^|, lose their final, 
and are declined like nouns with a fmal Exam, 
carr^mg a Uaff/tSo'S^Od, canning a staff, 

(plur.) 

10. d" is affixed to past participles with a final 
; the vowel preceding' the last letter is made ion^ 

and o inserted before the iiiral. Exam. 
learned, ^"SjT^^Jc^exD, learned, (plur). 

Of Feminine Adjer 'ives. 

11. ^eV5, a loife, is inserted after Swng-skrzta fe¬ 
minine adjectives, and such as are derived from the 
Szzngskrzta. ^ is prefixed to tfOD ; d- is substituted 
for the final of the word when ^ex) is inserted. 

18., (' ^'he teymination eV) of the nominative plu¬ 
ral is siippi'esse^ r ^eX 3 ^ and is inserted be¬ 
fore its -fiaal ev' ineiently- t5o was substituted for 

the final ex) of ^e\>. 





V 




• 


©FADJECTIVES. 43 

\ 13. is substituted In the singular number for 
the final of and © in theplurai, in the cases 
except the iiominotive. 


Exn?^ipl^^ 




), iDise. 


Sins:. 


i. wise. 

3 . ipl5SwOi^^, (ij/ a2€ise {womcm). 


Phir. 


1. anJently 6t5o^5^c(^, xzise. 

y>ke, 

3. the zvise, §c. 




Tims are declined cS^eX)^ young, , stu-- 

pid, dear, dmnes:t^_, . piC many 

others. / w ' 

■ • 

V -• ' 

U,. is optionally- affixec,. the femyiiing 

F3, .;' 

/ 


X 





44 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 



adjective of young. In this case the is doU'' 

bled. E^am. OY young. 

/ 

15 . fcfei) is inserted after all ccmpcnnds of 

•which the last member is ^ spirit. Exam. 

16. ^£>0 is optiorially inserted after past parti¬ 
ciples with a final s'J, and to adjectives with a fi¬ 
nal u^J or Exam. S' learned, S) 

learned, (plur.) glo¬ 

rious. 


17. When ^ex> is not inse/^ed, these w^ords 

have the farm of the Swng'skrftr ieminines^ and are 
deciiiied like nouns with a final S>. Exam. Ok, 
learned, glorious. 

18. In some instances neither nor D, are 
affixed to adjectives and in some cases only a. Exam. 

,re.ailins. 

’ O ‘ i/' ( 'i \ 

adjectives of uncertain deri- 



-<ti 



45 


OF ADJECTIVES.' 


vation have a final g(. Exam, strong, 

able, crook-backed, [a^ sucking 

(child). * 

20. The verbal noun the being or hecom^ 
ing any thing, is inserted after S^DgskrUi; adjectives 
with a final c^. X5 is prefixed to this inserted word^ 
and a affixed in the nominative sins:u1ar. Exam. 

Qnild, meek, eminent.' But 

between, and menstruous, are excep¬ 

tions. 


Qf Neuter Adjectives. 

21. and ^ti./and in some parts of^Tue coun¬ 


try are usually affixed in the sing’nlar number^, 
and co^ plural of neuter adjectives 

derived from liie Swng’sknt«. Exam. 




46 


T E L J li- Gt A G 11 A M A M R. 


) 

SECT. IV. 

Of Pronouns, 

1. Tbr personal prononns are 7, thou, 

he or it, and or he or it. who, what, 

is both relative and interrogative. 

2. ^ is substituted for I, and for 
thoa, in the plural number. 

5?. ^ is substituted for the of the nominative 

singular, and for the eV) of the plural, in the first 
personal pronoun, and ^ is substituted for the li-' 
ual Of- is not inserted before the terminations of 
pronouns. 

4. Neither the ^ of the accusative, nor the § 
of the possessive are affixed to the first and second 
pe::rn/\I pronouns. 

5. -The hna s of the first and second personal 
pronouns beco ' hort in the accusative cases. 

.3 

6. o is inserted before the terminations of the 






OF PRONOUNS. 




47 


accusative case. In the plural ^ is suhstitT|ileft for 
the termination and, according' to the anv-dents ^ 
is affixed to the ^ in the singular, ?Sv>, and x 
according to some, in the plural, are inserted 
before S3^*u)c- 

' '7. cCjO is prefixed to the termination of the loca¬ 

tive case in the first and second personal pronouns. 


Example. 


I. 


Singular. 


jl. /. 

2. me. 

8. % me. 

4. m^. 

5. froinme. 

6 . my. 




•^2 '- ■ 



Plural. .o7'', 




"V 









48 


T E L J GA GRAMM A a. 


3. hy iis, 

4. 553 -^io 

5.. froin us. 

6. S5j^^o:)^, ours, 

7. s^ct^orsS, ^/^ lis. 



8. ^ is substituted for tlie of the nominative 

singular^ and t^o for tlie eX) of the piural in the se¬ 
cond personal pronoun. 


Example, 
|)^ thou. 


Singular^ , ■ _ ?-^'y 

1 thou, -V .. 

2. 1^“^, thee. 

3. ^§~°, hy thee, " _ 

4. |:'g^?<§b, ^0 Mee. - 

5. |§'o"?o. from thee, ,. 

6. /^^ s^ODo^j ■' ; 

7. ?' .fa.;-; :.,■ 




OF PRONOUNS, 


1 . yt. 

% g)c>^^s6-°-S)r, 

[ao^e^-^e, you, 

3. hy you, 

4. Sxr»g^t5§0:, S»-=‘f_, to you. 

5. from you. 

6. ^SS, ^o6oo^, your’s. 

^OCco^^ in you. 

9. and are frequently substituted for 
!>;, he or this, in the singular number. 

10. According to modern usage o is optionally 
inserted before ^ when it is affixed to 

11. ^ is substituted for the eA3 of the nominative 
plurals after he, he, and (Xo5f> who, who f 
According to modern usage X< is optionally inserted by 
«ome, and ^ by others before the e\}. 

12. ^ is affixed to the plural of h, k ^ he, and 

CCSs^, who, who f 

Q 



i 




50 


TELJNG^ GHAMMAR. 


13. In the singular number of h, he, KT”, and 
who, who f the increment ‘p, and in the pluralthe 

increment D is inserted before the terminations of all 
the cases except the nominative. It is^, however, op¬ 
tional before the ^ of the accusative singular. Ac¬ 
cording to some of the moderns, iS> is inserted before 
^ when it is affixed to h, he, and he, in the sin¬ 
gular number, and ’t) is optionally inserted before it 
in the plural of he, he, andcCos^, who, who f 

14. J and xS are optionally inserted before the 
^ of the accusative plural. 

15. ccS is prefixed to the terminations of the se¬ 
venth case. 

Example, 
h, he, she, it. 

Singular. 

' I. he, 

% 



51 




©F .PRONOUNS, 


bij him. ') 

Aim. 

5. g?^?i 

■6^^?)S'o'^., 

from him. 

6. |)^§6, 1)^^. ^>^c6oo^, 

7. li^cccoj:^, g(^ Paxotss, ’^•^'Pa£c:sS, 
in him. 

PluraK 

1. hxss, l)C5ex), they, 

2. ht)p, fe0f'^)o. hp^ 

5. |)&g^, k>t5o^^, 

k>X5eg^, l)0f^. by them. 

4. I^&l., ^t5og^t5§6,i:)t50l_,aoegrt^ 

I)06‘*5_, ^0 them. 

06s<|^^, /mn ^Aew?. - ) 

6. btT^K-', toe^, 

G 2 

/ 


I 





7. |)DCCco 235, ^OfCCcoSSo, in them. 

16, e5^ and are often substituted for 

he^ in the singular number. 


Example. 

he. 


Singular. 

1. he. 

2 . -^'py '^Ppy -^^diPy ^^Py 

SS^PP^-^Ey -sr=^p^-^Ey 
^gor^-S)f, him. 

S. ^pg^y ^P^^y ^P^t^y ^d^^r^y 

-^Q^ty ^^P^y &E^PW"ty e? 

y y ^E^P§^^y hy him. 

4. SS-^P^XS^y ^P'^y ^^§^X<^y 

^X<^y &E^Pt> e?^^Pt5S6. to him, 

5. 'SS^P^^^y ^a^o"g3, 

^b^^y from him. 

6. ^P^y 73-^PmX>%^y ^^^y ST’aCBOO^, &^p 
e^^CBoO^; ^^P^y ^i^PC^^^y kiS. 





155, in him. : / 

Plural. ^ ,^' 

1. ^C5, KJ^t^ex), they. >/, i 

2. ^0, 7^0^, KT’^f, ^Of^So, 

^-ar, ^iSo^-^e, 

them. 

S. o^D§^, 7^0^^, ^X5e§^y ^to 

^oe§^y Tsr^ee^^y t^os 

§^toy by them. 

oeg^?^^, ^5^ce'l_, to them. 

5. c;r>t)s<^^, 

"§D, ^efS<^cC5o, ^06 ^o'§ 5, /row i^ew. 

6. ^Bceoo^, 55-=150C&X)^, 

0f^, Kr’0fc6coSb^, ^Ae^rs. 

7. ^O^DOCCot^, 33^^50OCcot55, ^06CCcor^, w t^em. 

CX^^, who, who? 

.-■> /■ 

singular, / 

1. CCSp^S^j who, who? 

S.ocC'S^'P^ t^Aom, whom f 




•TELJNGJ GRAM MAH. 


3. 

CCcq$'^^^, CCos^^^^, ^>j/ z^hom, bi/ luhom P 
to whom, to whom f 

5. OCos^^s^li^, CCc5<^^<^“gd. CCcs^ 

c 

from whom, from whom ? 

OCos^^cSoo^-j CCo§5"^SOj CC^ 
whose, whose ? 

7. OCSo5'^OCccr35, OCos<^OC£'cC 55, m whom,inwhom? 

Plural. 

). ai^tss, C)Ccs<t5ex), mjAo .? 

2. cx£s^e)?), cdSs<?>f. ccSs^of.^.c^'^D I 

^^-u)f;a:^)S^^e^‘S)r, cc£'S<t5o^s3^T. oc^ ! 

S$'06S3^'S)6, whom, lohom? \ 

3. CCco^O^j) C?5C'S^t^0S^^ 

cc^s(t5'0=s^^ j. 

b^ whoin,h^ whom? 

4. cCcs^D^^t^^. OCis^e)l_,OCcs^t^0§^ |* 

0"1_, CCo s^oeg^l^^. OCcs^OfX^ '^0 t£?Aom, to j ' 

whom ? 

■ I 

6. a&^ 

CCo^Cfs^^.itio. CCcS^ceg’o'gD. from * 

whom, from whom? 






OF PRONOUNS. 


55 


OCos^ee^, CCos<e£c5do^, lohose, whose f 
7. uCCs^t)0C<'<^^^CCc^s<t)OCC^os5S, cCcs^^ in 

whom, in whom 9 

This word accordioc^ to the ancients is written 
with the s5' doubled. Exam, CC5os^^ubi who, 
whom, ^c. • ^ • ' 

IT. *00 is substituted for and for eA3, after 
self, sjnrtt: anciently dS was substituted for ex?. 

. 18. In all the cases except the nominative is 
substituted for self, in the sing-ular number, and 
0' in the plural. 

19. The final ^ of ^^and ^ c3e is optionally re¬ 
jected, in which case the termination ^ of the accu¬ 
sative plural is changed to and, according to some, 
^ is further affixed to the ssCo. ,• 




20. In the singular number ^ is inserted b (fore 
and ssw in the plural. ' 


/ 


j 






56 


TETiIVt^jt & RAKMAB. 


Example. 

*0^, self, spirit. 

Singular. 

1 . self. 

2 . seZ/: I 

3. self, ^c. 

Plural. 

1 . W'^, 1PT5S, selves. 

‘S)f, selves. 

3 . ^ 56§^, ^^ ao§^^, Z>j/ se/resj ^c. 

21. In the feminine and neuter genders singu¬ 
lar nominative^ is substituted for t>j he. 

22. In the feminine and neuter genders^ ^ is sub -1 

itituted for h, he, in all the cases singular except the 
nominatiye. | 

23. o is prefixed to the termination exj itt thd 
plural feminine of he, and -is^, he. 


i 



OF PRONOUNS. 


..57 


24. The increment p is inserted before the ter¬ 
minations of all the cases sinj^iilar of this pronouh- 
except the nominative; before p it is optional. 

Example. 


Singular. 

1. she, or this woman. 

2. t>pp'^-^e, her 

S hP&^, hevi ^c. 

Plural. 

1. the^, these women. 

2. them. 

3. hy them. 

25. . is substituted for -ssr^, he, in 'the nomi¬ 
native singular of the feminine gender. 

25. In all the cases except the nominative cT’ 
is substituted for in the feminine and neuter g'en- 
ders. 

11 


} 


Exafnple. 


- ; Singular. 

{ -i. 0^;, she^ or that woman. 

her. 

S. hij them, ^c. 

^ Plural. 

1. the^, or those women. 

2. them, or those loornen. 

3. these wo- 
men. 

27. is affixed to cCcs^. or CCcs^'^S. '(x>ho, who ? in 
the feminine gender. 

Example, . 

Singular. 

1 cX^r£^, ieho, idJio? 

C)CSs(^^^-S)f, whom. 

3. c^sf§§^, OCC'SfSg^S^, by whom, ^e. 

■'''• >c Plural. 

1- who, who f 

c^cf^0^ySr°~3)^, whom. 

3. bp 

whom, ^c. 



OF PRONOUNS. 


59 


N. B, This word may be written and de¬ 

clined in the same manner. 


Of ike JS'euter Gender . ' 

28. is substituted for 1)^ this, in the plural 
nominative of the neuter gender. 

29. ^ is inserted before the terminations of all 
the cases plurab excepf the nominative k), this, and^^ 
that, in the neuter wnder. 

so. ^ is optionally inserted in the neuter singu¬ 
lar of before but . not before any other 

•termination. 

31. The of the ^ which is inserted after <^.and' 
and the of and are optionally reject¬ 
ed before the termination 



60 


T E Ll N G 3 grammar. 

Example. 

Singular. 

1. this, it. 

2. a?', 

this, it. 

3. this or it, ^c. 

Plural. 

1. these. 

2. bhP, these. 

3. % these. 

32. 0^ is substituted for that, in the no¬ 

minative plural of the neuter gender. 

.Example. 

Singular. 

1. 0D, that or it. 

that or it. 

3. that, ■S^c. ; , 

Plural. 

1. &S), those, they. 

2. those, them. 

3. -ST-hg", ^iio^g, by those. 



i 




o r p u o N o u N s. 6i 

33. ’ ^ is substituted for in the nomina¬ 
tive case neuter, a is substituted for the ^ of the 
nominative singular, and Si for the Od of the plural. 

34. In all the cases of the neuter gender except 
the nominative, is substituted for cCo, in the sin¬ 
gular number, and in the plural. 

Kxample. 

Singular. • 

1. wk(U? 

2. what, what ? 

3. hp what, hi; what? ^c. 

Plural. 

1. zvhat, what ? 

2. what, what? 

3. hpicha^ hj/ zvkat? 




.1 






TEIyJNG^ GRAMMAR, 


Of Numerals. 

Numerals are substantives adjectives 

or ordinals 

1 . or 2c%i, one, when an adjective is declin¬ 
ed in the three genders^ but in the singular number 
only. 

2. Some insert and others D, instead of "P, as 

an augment before the terminations of this numeral 
in the masculine gender. - 

3. In the feminine gender ^ i§ affixed to" this nu¬ 
meral, before which some insert 

\4;. ^ is affixed to this numeral in the neuter 

gender, whether it be a substantive or an adjective. 

Example.. 

^ Masculine. 

1 . one. 

2. one. 

3 . hy one, 

Feminine. 

1 . one. 

2 . ?oS''S^X53, one. 

3. 63 / one, ^c. . ^ 







OF numerals. 


65 


Neuter. 

1. one. 

2. one. 

3. by one, ^c. 

The ^ may he doubled as in the nominative^ and 
all the usual terminations affixed, which for want of 
room are here omitted in the third case. 

0 ^ 0 ^ t'^o, is only declined in the plural num¬ 
ber, and is the same in all genders. The same may 
be observed also ofs5S>J^, three, "^07^, four, 
five, QfV$7^, six, and^!:^7^, seven. - 

6. is substituted for ex), after all these numer¬ 
als, and D is inserted before the terminations of the 

other cases. Some also insert “p before 
Uxam. S^gCo, tioo, three, four, 

five, (y»t5o7^t5o, six, o5o^7^t5o, seven, 
S^g&Ps6-=-S)6, too, (acc.) 

7^©^, three, (acc.) 

s?gD?>, by two, , 

■^07 ^by three, ^c, 

) 

7. The increment o ^ is inserted after 






61 


T £ L r N G ^ G K A M A 11. 




eight, and nine, before the terminations of the 

masculine and feminine genders, which are alike in 
the^sc two numerals. Exam. mght, 

nine. 

, 8. According to modern custom, 7^'t3o is option¬ 

ally affixed to these two words after tlie termination, j 
Exam. eight, niriel 

9. When the numerals from ten to nineteen art 
adjectives, is affixed to them. is substituted fo , 
the -final of ten. Exam. ’too557^t5o, ^en, * 

T^'!^X5S, eleven, twelve, ^ 

XSS, thirteen, fourteen, ® 

fifteen, sixteen, se\ p 

vcnteen, '^S5'S^aSoC{^ and v 

eighteen, and rdni\ 

tetn. 


0 ! 


10. sSCu>-is optionally affixed to numerals froi; 
eight to twenty, and constantly to all abo^ e twer) 
ty. Exa^n. eight, g^^uir^SoD, 

<j£ot)'^Q5cC'^, tzoeny, thirty, 

an hundred, 'iaC00s5SoD, a thousand, Oclxaloot^, | 
hundred thousand. j 


k 









OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 


63 


11. ^Vlien numerals are substantives they are al¬ 
ways of the neuter gender, and have no inflection 
of case whatever, one, excepted. Exam. 
and one, two, ssoi^, three, -^07^, 

four, ji'oe, 8ix, O5o!^, seven, 

eight, nine, and ten. 


Of indeclinable words. 

Indeclinable words are of two sorts, 
such as cannot be made into a sentence : or used With¬ 
out other words, viz. adverbs, conjunctions, prepo¬ 
sitions, and interjections, and such as ex¬ 

press an idea of themselves, viz. aptote nouns, among 
which such are reckoned as admit one or two cases. 

1. When two vowels come together the first is - 
omitted. 

f. and eveh, are emphatic particles. 

Exam. Eama is indeed the god, 

preserver. 

I 






G8 


•r E L 1 N G ^ GRAMMAR. 


S. s('©;t55, like, as, is used to express similitude. 
JExam. like Rama. 

4. is the conjunction em^^loyed after words 
w ith a final and ; after words with a final cy, 
both mean and, also, likewise. Exam. t6r^D^ 

Hurl and llura. 

5. gG-o'ET’:. with, and with^ together. Exam. 

Lukshmuna with Rama. 
xr’Soi!$b. Rama with Seeta. 

^ Seeia Rama are together. 

6. CaoS^, what? ^es. This particle is used to 

make a sentence interrogatory. ' It is also a particle 
of consideration or guess, and of consent when used as 
a reply to an address. Exam. uaos» dost 

thou speak ?—^ dost thou 

speak well? Ceoao, 0 child.—yes. 

7 . near, these words indicate vicin ity of 

situation. Exam, ^oj^s^gor near the 

jUr. 

8 . or, according to some, at hand, k 



OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 


67 


used to indicate motion or any other circumstance as 
about to take place. Exam. or 

the lugna is about to commence. 

9. , loithout^ separated from. Exam.%^^ 

■0^562^ C^c)CSSl)C5^ Rama cannot stay without See- 
ta. 


10. after, afterwards. Exam. 

Luhshmuna was born 

after Rama. 

11. is a particle which indicates/reer/om 

from any thing, it also means without, except. Exam. 

sin is gone. S)2»-S) §o 

he cannot live without wealth. 

1*2. on, above, upon, hereafter. Exam. 

on the house, S>5O§0 upon the 

ground, ^^^S5S>©C00^ after ablution. 

I 

13 first, heretofore, before, formerbj, 

in front of, after, hereafter. Exam, 

first ablution and 
1 % ^ ■ 


68 


TEL/NG-c^ grammar. 


then eisening worship. 'S)©, cs-o^Sja 

former'^ we wmt to Kashee. 

^-^^^Jirst I will give daughters in mar¬ 
riage. ^ 0 ^^ I liii/ the book 

before me. 

^<k>(Vi),this, hitherto, thus far. Exam.^^QjOj 
thus far he spake. 

15. o5o (b 2XJ, how, what, how far. Ofio <S52AJ ©1 
what, or how far had he spoken. 

16. y there, thither. Exam. 
he must go thither. 

17. where, whither. Exam. 

Soo-g)£>j it will be proper for him to go someivhere. 

18. here, hither. Exam, 
he must come hither. 

10. when, 0^?^, then, now. 

Exam, obo^^ when^ou please.. 

do it then. do it 

now. 


OF indeclinable words. 


m 


20. u5oo555^j what, when, that, then, 

this, now. Exam, obootSS^ when did 

you come ? 0ot35g6 1 came then. 

1 came now. 

21. 071 all sides,. Exam. -^dX) turn¬ 
ing on all sides. 

22. eveiy where. Exam. -^^(S 

t5^ God is every where. 

23. ^t 5 o ^5 near. These words mean near 

as it respects place or relationship. Exam, -cr-p 
near her. '^X5S'^, near that town. 

s^cj;53geW; my near relations. . 

24. far, distant. These words 

indicate distance of place or relationship. Exam. 

CjCoo^ 01’ 03^t<?5x>, as far as, so far, 

a man cannot marry a 

distant relation if she he esteemed as a mother. 

25. slowly. Exam. go 

slowly. 7^ speak sloiply. 




lELIN GJ GRAMMAR, 


fO 

26. swiftly, quickly, hastilt/. Exam^ 

"ft)?v^aScS he must come quickly. 

27. ‘£)t3of^ and in the vulgar dialect szmftfy, 
hastily, speedily, quickly. Exam. ‘£)t5of^ or 

come quickly. ’ 

28. well Exam. he 

was well. 

29. or, this word is used to express some¬ 
thing doubtful respecting one of two or more things. 
Exam. ^ '§t3o5x^, is it a block or a man f 

SO. or, either. Exam. 

"=^^0-553^ serve either Huri or Hura. | 

31, o5oOj o53oJ5S^j why? how? Exazn. o5oO, or j 

o5oo:5SSo why did you call ? || 

32. formerly, heretofore, afore- I 

time, before. Exain. thou 

saidst it formerly. / said 

it aforetime, < 






OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 


71 


33. eno7igh. Exam. s^t'sxSScS 
there is rain enough, 

34. ^ is a syllable used euphonias gratis with¬ 
out any particular meaning. Exam. 

say no more, or you have said enough. 

35. formerly, before, heretofore. Exam. 

C^oh^, I spake before. 

36. 85o253&), before, in front of Exam. o5ot53(b 

standing before me speak. 

37. e3oS5-*>.§, Ah ! alas ! oh ! This is an expression 

of sudden recollection, and also of repentance or re¬ 
gret. Exam. OgoO 

Alas ! 0 God icJiy dost thou not look upon 
^ me with pity ? XlS^, Oh ! I had writ^ 

ten it before. CCO’g' oboSD Alas ! 

what have I done f 

. 38. 0 ho ! very well! These 

■j words are used to express threatening or menace. 
Exam. or 75 0 

ho ! or, very luell—you dont look kindly at me. 

N 







T E L J N G ^ grammar. 


n 

39. X'SP, bravely, 'Well done, O brave, truly, in-- 
deed. This word is an expression of commendation, 
or affirmation. Exam. 

§ 7<-^y O brave ! thou hast read, child. 

I have indeed given it to you. 

40. or tertainly, indeed, even. Ex. 

CCC)6ooC)|^ ‘‘c^5xn> or I have indeed given it. 

or I have assuredly given it. 
or ^X<^S5S>, even thy good fortune. 

I 

41. yes. This word is used as an affirma¬ 
tive reply to a question. Exam. child, ^ j 

or ^S!o, yes. ' ' \ 

4^. Uo, not. This word is both negative, pri- i 
> vative, and prohibitive. Exam. ^CC3-S 1 

do not injure others. I 

43. proper, right, and impro^ i 

per, wrong. Exam. ^0Cc-§ ^2^ | 

this is a proper action, or this ought to be done. 





OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 


73 


this is wrong, or 

ought not to he done. ■ 

44'* right, proper, wrong, im- 

\ proper. Exam, this word 

is right or proper. this loordis 

I wrong or improper. N. B. These are verbals. 

45. e?. what I (hesitatingly). This word also indi¬ 

cates regret, joy, and doubt. Exam. s5't5oo^S5a "S)©s$''^, 
what! will not the rain cease ? indicating a certaiirty 
of its ceasing, what! will not 

the rain cease ? indicating regret at its not ceasing : 
S<t5sl?Sx> ^ Oh ! the rain is over, 

"S)©S^1S" or zvill the rain cease ornot f 

46. is an expression of doubt or hesitancy. Ex. 
will it cease or not f 

47. ^ is a vocative particle, and, also, an ex¬ 
pression of contempt, Soho ! ’tis false. Exam. 

ho ! what safest ? or what words are 
these f (contemptuously). 

J 



u 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 


48. ^,Ofie! Exam. ! it 

is not Jit or becoming for thee. 

49. 2»ioS^'^5^j Oh ! dear me ! is an expression 
of surprize at seeing something wonderful or uncom- j 
mon, or at seeing something improper. It also in- i 
dicates regret, derision^ and joy. Exam. *lcoS^ls^ 

O ho ! art thou come ? ^2:^ 

Oh !■ thou hadst done wrong. ! 

Oh! I have written this. 

CCco^ Oh! how fine it is ! 2c o5^ 

'£)o^ Oh! it is excellent. \ 

50. 23or vulgarly an expression indi-| 

eating information. Exam. "^2^ or 

the king is come. 

51. ■q'-s ^ unto, until. Exam. 

23^S>, the wilderness extends to the town. ] 

52. 7K°, together with, with. Exam, 

^So ■Sex3^^’So^ the childrpt 

with the coio-keepers know it. 



75 


/ 

{ • 

SYNTAX-o'p' NOUNS. 

T/ie Syntax of M)uns. 

1. The nominative or first case is the agent of an 
active verb. Exam.Rama 
preserves. 

2. The accusative or second'case is the object of 

an active verb. Exam. I serve 

Rama. 

3. The accusative in is used'u he'n the ac¬ 

tion is' done with regard to some object, such as sacri- 

; ficing, praising, speaking to, worshipping, and the 
like. . Exam. he spoke.to 

Rama. 

4. A word which means the instrument or means 
bj which any action is accomplished, and also the a- 
gent of a passive verb, must be in the third or instru¬ 
mental case. Exam. 

Ravuna loas destroyed by Rama 
by means of the Bruhma-zoeapon. 

Jj 





76 


TEL7NG-<< GRAM MAE. 


5. and with, and other particles of 

the same import, also words denoting equality or si¬ 
milarity, require a noun in the instrumental case ter- 
minating in ^ or Exam. 

Seeta lived with Rama. 

Lukshmuna dwelt with Rama, 
the teacher is equal to, or 

like Huri. 

6. When a thing is said to be caused by some cir¬ 

cumstance or agent, that causative circumstance, per¬ 
son, or thing, must be in the instrumental case ending 
in Ex. cOcIxCCcSSm, the destruc¬ 

tion of sin is caused h^, or arises from Rama. 

T. Words terminating in ^ are also used as ac¬ 
cusatives in^j^f, for the object of verbs of speaking, 
sacrificing, offering, &c. as in Rule 3. Exam. 
cc©!;, having spoken to Rama. 

8. Words expressing the person or thing to 
which a gift is made, must be in the fourth or dative case 
terminating in Exam. 

he gives a cow' to the hrahmun. 


SYNTAX OF Nouns. 


7f' 

9. When an action is done, or a thing exists, 
or somewhat is suffered, to accomplish some purpose, 
the word which denotes the end to be accomplished 
must be in tlte fourtb case terminating in Exam. 

CC53^ a stone must be car¬ 

ried (at the other end of the yoke )for the purpose of 
(balancing) the milk. 

10. But when any material is given for the pur¬ 

pose of making something or other, the word wliich 
denotes that thing must terminate in Exam. 

Sr’t^^.^5503, gold for the purpose 
of (making) rings. 

.11. Verbs meaningfalling from, departing from, 
or any another motion from any object, require that 
■ object to be in the fifth or ablative ease. Exam. 

the leaves fall from the trees. 

19. When we would express that there is no other 
thing of that sort except those specified, or when a 
comparison is made between two or mpre things, the 
word which expresses the thingspecificd or that thing, 
than which another thing is better or w orse, &c. must 


\ 




GRAMM A It. 


7'g 

be in the fifth case terminating in Exaut. 

‘^T(cSt5o^^O"lg5 ” 0 ^, none but 

God ought to be worshipped. 

^QXij the gods are inferior to Rama. ^o2S)^S"o“g) 
no one is greater than Rama, 
O^^eX) Lukshmuna is 

younger than Rama. "ob^ 

Rama is older than Lukshnlmia. 

13. When a place is said to be situated in any 
direction with respect to another place, the last of 
these places must terminate in ^o“^. Exam. 

XocC Gu^a is east'of Kashee. 

14. The sixth case is used to express the connec¬ 

tion between an owner and his property, or between 
persons related to each other. Exam. ■^DoSoo^ or 
^ 0^1 Kurils servant. 

15. Words connected with an object of 

respect or worship, an object of affection, and 

a thing desired, must be in the genitive or sixth 
case terminating in § or Exam. or 

the object of the king’s looi'ship. 

Bs or (^cCo^sSi^ the object of the king’s affec' 


SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 


79 


tion. or 4^$irBd object of 

the king. 

16. Verbs of speaking to, shewing to, and deli¬ 
vering into the custody of, govern their object in the 
sixth case terminating in § or §5. Exam. 

or having spoken to the king. 

or Sw^ssSbilSSro^o-^, having shezvn mi/face 

to the king. or.c?;<^ 7 £e§ '^So?c6o-S), having 

delivered it to the king. 

17. Words expressing the distance of time or 

place, or the relative situation of places, are connected 
with words in the sixth case terminating in § or go. 
Exam. ^ 0 ^ 0 © 0OX)C55£>^S5ooex3, it is Jive 

days from to-day till the Sunkranti. 

it is ten stages (day’s jour¬ 
ney) from Calcutta to Jug/innat’ha. Xc03 

Guya lies east of Kashee. 

18. Words expressing equality, or similarity, are 
connected with another word in the sixth case termi¬ 
nating in § or Exam. 

the preceptor is equal to Huri. 


K 






19. Sometimes the sixth case is used for the da¬ 
tive. ^S{^,havinggwena 

cow io the hrahmun. 

20. Words meaning certainty of situatioiij or 

the middle of any place^ terminate in midst^ 

which is then considered as a termination of the sixth 
or seventh case. Exam. 

Hurl is chiefest of, or among, the gods, 

1 sat in the midst of the house. 

21. The seventh case expresses the being in aj 

certain situation or condition/and answers to thei J 
English words on, with respecit to, or in. Exam.\ ^ 
^(bSoo!35 sitting on the floor mat \ ' 

understanding, or an idea cQn-\ 
cerning beatitude. ©OOCCcotsS 1_OS5w, oil is in\ 
the sesamum. j il 








or coiifouKi} tvord?. 


SI 


Of compound icords. 

In the Swngskrita language six kinds of com¬ 
pounds are distinguisliedj which are denominated, 
1st 2nd oVd 

4th and 6th 

The first is made by collecting several substantives in¬ 
to one, the second consists of compound epithets, the 
third is the substantive compounded with its adjec¬ 
tive, the fourth consists of words formed by com¬ 
pounding a word, supposed to be in any case, with 
a verbal, or with another noun, the fifth by com¬ 
pounding a word with a numeral, and the sixth 
by compounding a word with an indeclinable parti¬ 
cle. 

1. Swngskrittt compounds are introduced into 
this language w ithout any change, and are declined 
by the rules already laid down for the declension of 
Szmgskrdr? words. Exam. near the 

jar^ ^~c7\oX^, on the other side of the Ganges, 
ill the inidsl of the Ganges, 
near the rirer, refuged in Krishna, 



82 


teljng^ grajimaR* 


one belonging to the king, 
a single hero, clothed in yellow, 

Retina and Lukshmuna, an 

assembly of servant girls, the shadow 

of the sugar-canes, two-headed, 

having the fire taken away, 
parents, fire and Vishnoo, 

liberated for a trifle, black- 

throated, doing right, 

lord of the great, or the preceptor of the gods. 

2. As the three sorts of words of which the Te- 
KngYi! language is composed may indifferently be com¬ 
pounded together^ the variety of words of this class 
is great. The terminations of the cases of the single 
words which compose the compound are suppres¬ 
sed, and when the compound is formed it is declin¬ 
ed in the last member only. 

3. is inserted after the sea, 

sandal-wood, and rain, when they are the 

first members of a compound. Exam. 

the router of the sea, rain water. 


OP COM POUND WORDS. 


ss 


The following are examples of every variety of 
compound: the sovereign of stars, 

vk. the moon, the sea of milk, 

sandal-wood, the full moon, 

XoX?og, the hank of the Ganges, the sea 

of mill:, the light of the full moon, 

a pitcher of milk, near the 

dish, SoolScSws^^, near the corn measure. 

Of compounds which are indeclinable, 

(e5<<§ CCC-^S^SSO).) 

4. When in, which may be either the 

first or the last member of a compound, is the first, 
its final a6 is suppressed, and is substituted for ' 
the vowel of 2^. Exam. ^^XoX or XoX^C^So^ m 
the Ganges. 

5. g is substituted for the XSo of in, when 

it precedes « house, ^t5o, d river, and a few 

other words. Exam. in the house, 

in the river. 

6. ^ is substituted for the final syllable of 


S4 


X £ L J ^ C ^ 6 11 A M M A ». 


a house, , a tooth, '^e^), a slonOf , "a 

QO CO X> 

thorn, earth, a breast, the eye, 

Cl fruit, 7 ^ 0 ^, a pebble, and SSS^,' a boil, 
and for the last syllable of ^t5S, a river, ~^s-»XSS, 
the face, K^X^, the nose, ^XSS, water, cin 

hundred, a pillar, ci rope, a vil¬ 
lage, a cemetery, time, place, ~^X^, to¬ 
day, three, boiled rice, 7^X^, a settle, 

uncultivated ground, k)X^, ci city, hun¬ 
ger, a pestle, and a door, when they 

are the first members of a compound^ and even when 
they are the last members, if a termination be affix¬ 
ed. Exam. ‘S{ch'^X^^, in the house, ^ch§, of 
the house, ^o§os<g', near a tooth, oiear 

a stone,'^oh)^^, near the thorn, 
the earth, near the breast, un¬ 
der the eye, near the fruit, 7 ^ 0 ^ 7iear 

the pebble, on the boil, near the 

river, ’^h'^X^, on the face, near the 

pillar, the time of hunger, 

the time, or sound, of the pestle, near 

the door. 


PvP C O M P O U N D WORD S. 


85 


Of the fourth class of compounds, 

7. The variety of compounds of this class is not 
great. Those made by suppressing the termination 
of the sixth case are the most numerous; there are 
a few made by suppressing the termination of the 
fifth case, and scarcely any in which the second, 
third, fourth, or seventh cases are suppressed. Exam. 

aking’s son, the king’s 

palace, ’S0<^;5'ocC;SSco, fear of a tiger, 
fear of thieves. secure in Rama, 

the middle of the day. 

8. is substituted for the midst,when 

it precedes “gcoo, night, in forming the compound. 
Exam. midnight. 

Also half a clove of long pepper, ’pX 

c^'^S^, half a boat. But the middle term of "ooCo 
©^S5S>, rice mixed ivith curds, is rejected 
to form the compound 



86 


TELZNGJ GRAMMAR. 






OJ the third class of compounds, 


9. If a word with an initial meaning’ a nym- 
phosa^ follow "§ 0 ^, red, to make a compound^ the 
last syllable of is suppressed, and ^ substitu¬ 

ted for the initial Exam. ”§ 02 ^^, 
a redwater-lil^, but a, blue lotos, suffers 

no alteration. 


10. When an eye, precedes a word with an 
initial meaning' a nymphsBa, and sometimes on 
other occasions also, the first ^ is suppressed, and 2^ 
is substituted for the^ of the latter member. Exam. 

a lohs-like eye, the pupil of 

the eye. 


icie 


l)c 


11. 6:> is inserted after turmeric, ?55o^, 

esteemed, when they respectively precede « 

leaf, and d-cXt), a ring ; and to Vx>Crx:^, lightning, and 
long, when they precede a. mirror, to 

form compounds. Exam. turme¬ 
ric leaves, an esteemed ring, soo-JiS, 

(fe^aSci, a mirror bright as lightning, 
a long mirror. 


I Ho 










OF COMPOUND WORDS. 


S7 


12. '' X is often substituted for and ^ for fS, 
£) for and for when they are the first letters 
of the last member of a eompound. 

13. "cco is substituted for large, when it is 

followed by or a valuable article ichich 

is the property of the finder, and is substituted 
For it when it is followed by IbToj the nimha treefi 
or tpS5cc>, a serpent. Exam. '^3 « 

arge foundling, a large nimha tree, "oo 

a large serpent. 


14. 0 is substituted for the last syllable of 

i thorn, when it precedes a word meaning any spe^/ 
’/ :ies of tree^ to form a compound. Exam. Sw0/8r° 
!)od), the thorn of yellow barleria, the 

horn of celastrus, a rose-thorn, 

15. is substituted for the midst, when 

t precedes or the forehead, and 

^sJ is substituted for it when it precedes 

^^^iieface or mouth, to form a compound. Exam. 

1>^255to, the middle of the forehead, 
^'''1 the middle of the face. 


’*■ Melia azad-dirachta. 






8S 


I'ELfNS^ GRAMMAR. 


16. &) is inserted after 5^0^, old, ancient, and 

a god, when they precede- €9^, a mother, \ 
to form the compound. Exam. an old\ 

mother, the mother of the gods, or ihe'^ 

divine mother. 


1 *^- great, is optionally changed to ^ 

when it precedes a tiger, to form a compound.! j, 
Exam. a royal tiger. 


18. is substituted for great, when itj 

precedes ricinus communis, to form a com- 

, pound. Exam. “^‘CT^aozrev);, a large plant of rici\ 
te. i** 

■t 


19. a breast, and an eye, optionally' 

lose one of their and sometimes their finale^ also; 
when they are the first member of a compound ol 
which or izvo, are thelast member. Exa?n.\ 

or -tS'^^OOd, also i^ocssx^,' 
76oX^, and two breasts, 

tlTcxX), or also ^cTC^, or 

two eyes. Sometimes also o is inserted before! 
the la.st member, ^^oXss-’. two breasts, 




pa 

til 

fi 




I 


■■'I 


i 






OF COMPOUND WORDS. 


89 




j tloo ej/cs. This rule applies when milk, fol- 

! lows a breast, with the exception of the inser¬ 

tion of o before the last member. Exam. 

and the milk of the breast. 

1 20. When a small image, or doll, is com¬ 
pounded with the eye, preceding* it, one of the 

^ is optionally suppressed, and sometimes also thefi- 
^nall,(^. One of the of the last member may also be 
suppressed. Exam. or 

c3o, the brow. 

H' 

* 21. The X of half, is suppressed before 

’ I the body, and the vowel of becomes long. Exam. 
half the body. 

ill] 22. When precedes science,’ 

in the compound, the final ^ is suppressed. Exam. 
1“ ancient science, viz. the Veda. 

im 

^ 23. When affection, precedes a com- 

^ panion, the final ^ is suppressed, the doubled, and 
the pronounced short. Exam. a beloved 

friend, 

't* I* 

t 

i li 

:) 






90 


TE 1 ./NG^ GllAMMAn. 


Of th e second class of compounds, 

24. '^■oh is substituted for an eye, when it 

is the last member of a compound. Exam, 
lotos-eyed, fish-eyed. 

The final vowel of ^ex), a sword, is opti¬ 
onally suppressed when it is followed by an 

eye. Exam, or sword-eyed, 1 

viz. having a piercing or killing eye^ 

, 26: The final syllable ofsocp^, three, is suppres- 
sedj and the vowel of the first syllable made shorty j 
when followed by an eye, to form a compound. , 
The ^ is doubled. Exam. Sco^oSo^ three-eyed, viz. j 
Shiva. " ^ 

27. is substituted for ^ex5 , a bow, when 

• ^ III 

it is the last member of the compound. Exam. fcfOl 
having.a how of floivers, viz. Kama-deva,\ 
the Indian Cupid. 






OF DEBIVATXVE WOUDS, 


91 


Of the first class of compounds, 

28. One of the e> of a mo^^er, is suppress¬ 
ed when it is followed by a father. Exam. 

parents. This^, however, does not take 
place in compounds of any other class, or in any other 
compounds of this class, e. a mother 

and a child; near the mother. 

29. ^ is prefixed to a son-in-law) when 

preceded in the compound by 553 ^ 550 , n mother-in-law. 
Exam. ^^^'^ex^^, a mother-iri'-law and a son-in* 
law. 

Of derivative words. 

1 . is affixed to ^ a brahmun, a 

khig, ^55o|dj a^nerchant, ashoodra, and/ST® 

a cow-keeper, in the masculine gender, without 
making any change in the import of the words. Exam. 

a brahmun; a king; 

h 2 

( 

•V •'* 




92 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR, 


a merchant; a shoodra; /T®^^ 

a cow-keeper. 

2 . is also affixed to 7^^, blind; tajrw, 

"cog", eWes^; or-f^)^,^o^wo'es^; without occasi- 
oninj^ any change in the import of the words. Exam. 

blind; lame; 

eldest; ?o^^cib or youngest. 

3. Possessive adjectives are formed by affixing 

oT^SSb. Exam, mine ; thine. 

±. is affixed to blue ; red; 

white ; tc'^^ green, and other adjectives of 
colours. ’When is affixed to these woVds, 

^ are optionally substituted for their final, the middle 
consonant is doubled and its vowel suppressed, except 
in in which J is inserted before the Exam. 

^XSeP 

KP’c^, red ; white; 

gree^. 

5. Nouns of agency are formed from verbal nouns i 
by aQlxing.Jcn^. Exam. a cook ; ' 


V 

> 


V 





OF DERIVATIVE WORDS. 


Q3 


otie who serves at table ; one who 

brings water; a cow-keeper; Dj-^c;055-» 

2 $0;. ^ calf-keeper. 

~ Adjectives indicating- the being' possessed of 
any thing or property, are formed by inserting to 
he, after any word, and affixing thereto. Exam. 

. possessing cows ; 

-possessing goats ; rich. 

7. Adjectives which indicate the being possessed 
of the thing expressed by the word, are made by af¬ 
fixing to a bow; 7^5, a'mark to shoot 

^ at, and'Scw^^, the front of an army. One of the p 
of suppressed. Exam. possessing 

a bow ; 7^£) Tv^S^:, having a mark to shoot at; 
presenting a front. 

B. When any of these words are feminine, a is 
affixed instead of Exam. a brah^ 

pinness ; having cows ; thine, 

9. Abstract substantives are formed by affixing 


\' 




tELJNG^ GIIAMMAR. 


to any word. Exam. blindness; ^o 

lameness ; •u)^^^£2w, minority. 

10. The last 25 ^of~S 3 g', eldest, is suppressed op¬ 
tionally^ and J substituted for the first. Exam. ”«> 

majority. 

11. ^ is substituted for the r35 of exis* 

ience, and ~^Z^, non-entity, without occasioning- any 
difference in the meaning of the words. Exam, 

existence ; non-entity. 

12. is optionally affixed to a male, to 
fce-'m the abstract noun. Exam. s:6X<Soac>^ 53oXc^ ^oS», ' 
manhood. 

13. ^ is affixed to SoSa^ old, green, 
handsome, ^^,fond, forbearing, caf^ 
vying, and 'ij)©, strong, to form the abstract nouns. 

■ Exam. oSciaso, old age ; greenness ; ^©S! 0 , 

beauty ; fondness; ’©^©SX)^ patience; "^©^^ 

the carrying of a burden ; <ii)©ao, strength. 



OF VERBS, 


05 


SECT. V. 

Of Verbs. 

1. There is no particular letter in which the roots 
of the verbs end. The root is not accounted either 
verb or noun while in its crude state. A list of the 
principal verbal radices follows : 

S^o to become dry. N. B. Some write this root 

S^o|, to abuse, to scold. 

to shrivel, to contract. Exam, §^o§o-5S 
he contracts. 

So I, to. fear. 

to deny. 

to defame with threats, to pick or shake up 
cotton so as to make it soft., 

■^1, to touch. 

“si, to hitch along on the breech, 
to lick. 

to creep on the hands and knees, to climb as a 
plant. 

to root up, to eradicate* 



9G 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 


to nourish, to educate, to tame. E. g. It)© 
he brings up a parrot, 
to run, to fall at a distance. 

§^t5ol, to bite off, to bile or chew. 

to gain. 

^t5ol, to cut. 

I, to tear or lacerate with the nails or claws. 


to smear over. 


2oex)lj to flow, to ooze, to sprinkle or scatter. 
fcex)|j to enjoy, to sport. 

'ScAjIj to turn things topsy turvy, to throw things 
into confusion. 

to churn, to agitate, 
to speak. 

join what is broken, e. g-. 
he joins the thread, 
to shrink, to contract, 
to lap icith tJu tongue, e. g. 

the cat laps the milk, 
to burst, (as aboil), 
to milk, 
to live, 
to vomit. 


4»” 






OF VERBS. 


97 


^0 gripe, or hold loith tongs or pincors. 
to enclose, to shut up, s 

*S)^, to 10 aste or be emaciated. 

to loalk loith a lascivious gait, 
to tread underfoot, to pound in a mortar, 
to he concealed. 

to walk erect, to strut, 
to pinch, or bite. 

to sioindle, to cheat out of goods, 
to be inwardly hot, to be grieved or vested, to 
■ rise as a blister or tumor. 

3 

to eat. 

I . 

to eat. 

to bow, to prostrate. 

XS^, to scratch, to tear with the nails. 

to be indolent. 

^k, to go. 

-^k, to decay, to be hot, to be in distress. 

M- 



98 


tEJjITSGA GRAMMAR. 


to stagger loith liqiior, ^c. 


I 


ds^A, to swing. . " ^ 

■;^A, to drink. • - '' c 

cyA, to he concealed. Some write this root.?* 
to sound a musical instrument. 

e5~/\, to draw. t . 

to gahhle. 

to swell up, to strut, to he bloated with pride. 

i . ( ./ ■- •' ' ,3 

to dawn, to parch or fry. ' 
ef A, to he hard, firm, or strong, e. 

■ . ....... ^ . ' o- 

^ the rope is strong. 

' to creep, to contract the hody at entering 
» difficult plade, as a thicket, ^c. e. g. ■€ 

he creeps into the arhor. 

0t5oA, to digest food, to riih, to grmd on a stone, 
^xssk to know. 
dt5oA, to recline. 

■S)toA, to split or burst. 

S^CoAj, to melt or flow. _ 










OF V Eli US, 00 

to shave. - 

^COA, to winnow. .'■■■■.. 

tdTiodlkslowr^.'^'^.^'^Z' . (T-^ 

^t5oX to he deficient. i .. 

0CoA^ to turn, to return. ' 

I . - . -,.7 . . T , . 

"^CoA, to increase. 

S^j?3oA. to he hot. 

I ' ’ ’• 

"Soj^t^OA, to hark {as a dog.) 

S)t5oA to break, to run away. 

^'^k, to pray. ' ' ' ^ 

' ''''■A ’ 

C5-!^a, to decay, *o waste away. 

S'^A, to wash, to lave. 

to dress, or to put on clothes. ^ ^ ' 

€9^A, to''shrink, to conceal one*s%eif. 

to speak wrong, to mistake^a'zoord. ' 

: -p .L.. fi:np'jrA .oW 
\ afid ^^/\, to grumble, to murmur, to 

complain. 

to sink', to immerse. 

' M2 


a.ofc.i 




100 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 


^OA, to sink, to descend. Exam. 
the ground sinks. 

^oA, to separate things from each other. 

^oK, to lie down. 

"SoA, to copulate. 

to swell, to expand or become large. Exam, 
the milk boils up. 

he swells with plea¬ 
sure. 

to swallow. 

to stoop, to become low or humble^ 

S'o/I, to bow to any one. 

* fc?4, to keep secret. 

* to be hot. ■ <■ 

* to throw or spread out the hands and feet. 

* to seem. 

* to hide. Anciently this root was written ^5^, 

,1.1 , > . • - 

* to weigh. 

* to plunder. 

^ to keep or fulfil a religious vi>w. 






O F YE UBS. 


101 d 


^ to carry or hear, 

^ ■0^4* to rub. ■ 

I . . '■<«', -vv/i 

* to swell. 

^ k>^, to blow {as tJie wind.) 

^ “ 5 ) 4 , tofry/topbrck. 



The final of all these toots which are marked ■with 
a star is changed to in the causal. Exam. 
he heats. 

to bite, 

to churn^ to agitate, 
to forget. 

JL I ' ^ t 

T to sqiveeze oratress down with the hand. 

^ jsrt^r 

'^t^ 2 b, to open a door or a chest, ^c. 

^tssd to spread out articles for sale so as to slieic 
them. To spread out a sheet, or table cloth, 
^c. Exam. ; spread 

qut the articles; bedspreads 

out the bed clothes. 


S^t5o4. to rub off or polish. 

to spoil, to destroy. 
f ©Coi/ to produce sound. 




102 


TELJKG^ GEAMMAR; 


t to fear. . . . 

t 533^t3o4, to give a thing in exchange, to change one 
commodity for another, or for money. 

t "ootJoff, to heap things ofieupon another. 

•X'.iJ, . o( 

t to shout, to extinguish, to icink. 


'ipX5Si>, to move slowly, or by stealth. 


to bring into contact. 


to learn. 


b'tSSti, to settle a dispute, to make any thing straight. 




to reconcile or bring together, to sew. 


t to cleanse or winnow corn. - 

o5~°t5o4, to pour or strain off the water from rice or 


any other ihing that has been boiled m it, :^| 

v'cv- I 

]s 

li 

.J 


' . ■ v-n- 

*lcXSSi),'to forbear. . 


to pick blit,’ to diuse out, to select 

i : i 


^rsSzi or as some'write it -^(DCybi to cleave or hew. 

^ I . • . 

sex)ib, to come into contact, to unite. 

\ 

to iceigh, to attend upon another, 
to reside, to stand, to stop, to desist from. 




© F VE R BS. 


103 


to call. 

to bruise, thrash out corn, to pound. 
^ ex>4, to remember, to recollect. 

‘Scj’ex)^, to spring up, to grow, to germinate, 
to grow, to increase. » 

I 

7\Gx:f, to conquer. - .. > 

to bore a hole, to perforate. ' 

^ to be enough, or sufficient. 

I - 

to call aloud. 

i . 

to jump over, to transgr^ess. 

f r 

^ to plant. 

S)c3^(So, to throw up. 

"^4^ to place. 

to bind. 

0|g, to curse, 

i ' 

to touch. 

to beat. 

i 

Tog, to take. 

i 

•^g, to wander. 


:oe^ 




TELJNG^ GRAMMAR. 


104 

f 

to unfold, to he produced, 
to bruise unde}'foot. : , 

to expel, to push a person out forcibly, 
to perish. 


limp. 


} 

7 ^ 0 g, to expel, to push out of doors. 

I 

to touchi to anoint. 

to salutary or favourable to any thing. 

I ^ 

^C>, to speak, to dance, to play. 
eoa, to be defeated, 
to see. 

s'L to deliver, to rescue. 
tod, to fall, 
to sing. 

to burn to the vessel in cooking. 

"Sidj to request, anciently written Ibod* 

•^1, to swim over a river. 
loodj to wring out. 

to burn, to be infamed or hot. 




OF. VER BS, 


105 


S. 




*to cook, 
to praise. 

turn or return. This root is now obsolete. 
to perforate, 
to lie de^ion,^ io r{pen\ -, 
to expel idind backwards. > r 

to plaster. - /j 

drive, to beat. * T- 

I .1 

o£o§, to lift up. Some write this root 

S^J./ fo break, to crush, to croud. Soniie W’rite this 

root , 

to take refuge in. 

bcSj to attend the sick. 

5)0, to draw up or out. 

4, to blow the nose. 

to d^e, to wipe dry. E. g 
he dyes the cloth; he wipes 

the wet thing. 

N 





105 


TELINd’^ GRAMMAR. 


to straighten a crooked thing. 
to beat, to drive. 

to 6rmg’/oriA3/oM7Zg’'(applied only to brutes.) 
* 10 ^, to twist a rope. ^, 

553^^3 to cease, to recover frfim sickness'. 'K '. 
to bear a burden,'ii\y\ii^yl.z \, . ■ 

to eat. .•< )''S'. ' ' ■ . 

to speak. . 

to see, to brj,ng forth a child. •; 

S:sl tohear, ^ ^ 

to live. 

to buy. ' 

to count, to calculate, to enumerate. 


< 


to kick. 
235^, to plow. 


.!\SiO . 




.‘v?.ort 


to contrive, to machinate, to fabricate a story. 

I 


to lead a person astray, to turn or swing any 
thing round. ' ■ ' : j 


to untie, to unloose. 




^S)> 


cover. 




OFj V.ER B S. 


107 


to forget. . 

to shine, to appear to advantage, o'; 

€3g)j ^oc0m6^^'w;(as money gained,) ©g-iSS 

^a, wealth comes in . . ,. 

I .I'AOj^ ,' j .. 'u ' - O )■ 1 

<0 seZ// iob vv v V 


^ 3 ' 

s^, w cover. 


■■.s\ 


V. OS 


<0 sprinkle, to scatter about, 
to sneeze. . , .y . 

to trust. •. ’ ,!i'8 ovv . , 

y^O, to ooze out, to leak. ' ' 

t^C, to blasplipme or reproach, td^enter h place 
witliinebody [shrunk or contracted for want of 
room. E. g. he blaS' 

phemes the god, he 

squeezes himself into the arbor. 

^C, to desire. 


i^o, to draw lines, 

'^O, to call. 

to approach, to go near. 

N .2 


•\ \ 


0\' 



108 


T E L Jr N G Gr R A M M A R. 


Wlf, to he emaciated, 
to grind.. 


0^ j 


to bo confident, to pr blmUr^^ 


0^, to weave or work the hOitom of a chair, %c. to 
climb {a^'a climbing plant does,) Exam, 

S3& he works the bottom of the 

^ bed; by^ the creeper climbs, 

%% to tear or lacerate with the nails. 


to scatter, to sow. E. g. f\o^eX) 
he sows the cor??. 


to he intoxicated ipith wine, pride, riches, %c. 


to dig. , 

I ‘ 

jfo laugh. Some write tM§ re6t ^a. 


t350, to throw, to pelt. 


I 


^( 0 , to do. 

i* to lighten (from the clouds.) 


to become gray-haired, 
to rain. 


• 



.OF TEBBS.^ 


109 


Tliere .is but ofie ciwijy.ga.tio'n of \ferbs. lol t;:; 


2. Verbs are conjugated in the active and passive 

■voipe. ■ ■ . 

3. There are four modes. The indicative, the 
imperative, th'd^Wbj'unctive, and the infinitive. 


4. Verbs are neuter, active or causal. Neuter 
verbs have no passive voice, and are conjugated in the 
causal form to give them aii active Signification. ' 


d ‘I- 

5. There are seven tenses, viz. the present, the 
pK'sent definite, tfie imperfect, theTraperfect defi¬ 
nite, Uie pcrreet, the pluperfect, and the future. 


6. Verbs are differently terminated as they are go¬ 
verned by an agent in the masculine, feminine, or 
neuter gender. 


7. The present tense singular of verbs is formed 
by affixing for the first person, for the 

second, an^ for the third, and the plural by 


tEI^JNG^ GRAMMAR. 


1 110 

ss» for the first person^ ^n4 for the second and | 
third. 

q ...... - ■ ■ 

8. When the a^ent of the verb is feminine or neu- 
terj the third person singular is made by 

9. The second and third perspns plural ^.re made ' 
by affixing when the agent is neuter. 


OfiJ 


10, The verb to dwells to he^ is used as an aux¬ 


iliary to form the present tense. 

11. J is inserted before the auxiliary after 
all verbs which have a final ^, 

Example'. 

to make, to perform. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

Present Tense, 

Singular. 

1. I make. 

Is thoumakest. 









O P V E R BS. 


Hi 


S. 35^2^ hemaketh. 

Fern, and neut. gja she or it maketh. ^^ ^ 


1. 'SoTScS we make. 

2. Siir^Co ^e {men or women) make, 

Neut.— (things) make. 

S. ^JT’Oo i/iej/ ma/ce.^i'A 

Neut. ©5) </«ose things make. 

Imperfect Tens^. 

12. The imperFect tense is formed by affixing the 
fbUovring'terminations to the root, viz. ©S), 
for the hijit. s^^o.iid, land third persons respectively , 
in the singular number, and ©s», ©D, S^O, for the 
plural. The imperfect definite is formed by the im¬ 
perfect tense of the auxiliary 

E.tample. >. m 

Singular, 

Ijnade. . 

2. thou madest. 

3. he made. ,. .. 








119 


TEL/NCf^I GRAMMAR. 


Plural. 

1. we Jfiade. 

2. SXT'Co ^1^0, 3 /e made. 

3. ST’Co they madev .,. . 


The feminm^ and rteuter are lilte'^e: maseuline. 

..A m . • . ■ 

Imperfect Definite -. £50 ;^ ! 

.S.''.,B!‘.- E;,iUi\S o?oAl .1 .JusJ' 

Singular. 

1. I ^as making. 

2 . tJlShi wust inakmg. 

3. Ae. tp« . 




Plural. 


: ,-*f;0!,>’ 


1. "SaSSj 2 ee we?’e making. 


2. ^XSS ye were making. 

3. ^t3o they were making. 


13. to he, is used as an auxiliary to form the 
perfect^ and pluperfect, tensesj^and is constructed 
with the indeclinable participle. 

14. The indeclinable participle k formed by af¬ 
fixing to the root. Ex'am. doing, or hav¬ 
ing done. 





OF VERBS. 


IIS 


15. are affixed after the indeclinable 

participle to make the past tense. 


1. I have made. 

thou hast made, 

3 ^5^^ he hath made. 

Fem. and Neut. she or it hath made. 


Plural. 


1. '3oaS» we have made. 

2. ^TSS have made. 



Neut. ^a they have made. 


Perfect Tense. 


Singular. 


1. I have made. 

2. thou hast made. 

3. he has made. 

Fem. and Neut. e9S) she or it has made, 

O 




114 


TELJNG^ GRAMMAR. 


, . ' . Plural. , ' 

1. 'SoSSm iGe have made. ,| 

2. §5ir»t55 xievX.'^^(^'^^,yehavemade. ! 

3. ^Co they have made. \ 

Neut. ©S) those (things) have made. 

1 6. When the terminations of the preter tense are | 
aflaxed to CyJ, to he, &» is substituted for their initial 

and C inserted before those which have an initial j 

vowel. According to the ancients^ S. is inserted before i 
the terminations of the first and second persons. 

Pluperfect Tense. , ' ; 

1 

' Singular. * 

1- or made. 

Si or s, thou hadst made. 

3. he had made. 

Plural. 

1. or we had 7 nade. 

2. Sxr>t5o or^^C^o^g^S^ ye hadmade. 

3. they had made. 

17. When the action isjust performed, the adverb 





OF VERBS. 


115 


now, is constructed with the verb in the pre¬ 
sent tense. Exarn. I have just 

done it. 

18. The future tense is made by affixing 
for the first person singular^ for the second, 

and for the third, for the first person 

plural, and Co for the second and third. 

Example, 

Singular. 

1. I will make., 

tf ’ .. —^ 

1 ihou wilt make. 

3. he will make,. 

plural.: 

1. 'SoSSw we will make. 

2. ^Co J/e will make. 

3. ^Co they will make, 

19. A second future is made by constructing the 
auxiliary to be, with the root. 

02 


{ 




116 


TEhlUGA grammar. 


20. The initial of the terminations of the pre-* 
^ent tense is suppressed when they are affixed to ^Oj, 
to be. 

21. When verbs of going, coming, falling, abi^ 
lity, fitness, sufficiency, union, being, dwelling, desir-^ 
ing, or becoming, or their privatives, are conjugated 
with a verb, the root of w hich has a final ccS or 

are substituted for the final J; is always 
usedaftera shortvowel. Tfany long vowel, fcp except 
ted, precede the final, it must be made short before 
CDS^. * 

22. According to the ancients, the -15 of ^ io 
do, is changed to when followed by as tfie' 
substitute of the final 

Example. 

Singular. 

1. or I mil 

\jnake, 

or thou 

\_wilt make. 

3. ^ccSg'OJia. ^CCc-Ss'oSJo, or l^OCSSs'OiSc), he xciU 

\make. 




OF VERBS. 


117 


Plural, 

1. or tee will 

2- ^CCo^^OtiOj ye wilt 

\^make, 

S, ^CCc^OCo, ^OCc-Ss'oCo, or l^cCoS'OCo, they will 

[jnake, 

'*23. When the auxiliary ^0, to he, is constructed 
with a verb, C55 is substituted for the of the third 
person singular to make the feminine and neuter sin¬ 
gular^ and ^ to make the neuter plural. Exam. ^ 
she or it will do it, the 

^Hen or women will do it, those things 

will do, it. y,, . . 

24. to remain, is by some used as an auxi¬ 
liary to form the second future; ^ is inserted before 
this auxiliary. Exam. 

^ or 1 mil make, ^c. 

25. 5Vhen the time of an action is expressed as 
coinciding with some other circumstance^ Jis insert¬ 
ed before the auxiliary. Exam. 

yQ were eating when it rained; 



118 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 


/ was looking whm 

the king came, 

OF THE IMPERATIVE MODE, 

^6. The imperative mode^ includin g- a precative 
sensCj is formed by the auxiliary ^O,_to expect, to 
which is affixed, for all the persons singular and 
plural. See also rule 16. 

Example. 

Singular. 

1. ■J5S3 =aoCo, =3cc£^, or 1>cdS r^-BpS, I witl do. ’ 

2. ^OCo, ^OCc& or do thou. 

3. or l^CCo let him do. 

Plural. 

1. '3c»S^ ^CCo, ^€0C& or "^cCo s< we icill do, 

2. ^OCc, &c. do ;^e. 

3. &c. s5"o^*So, let them do. 

27. Q» is substituted for the final p of a verbal 
root, and the termination is suppressed to make the 


OF VERBS. 


119 


second person singular. The vowel of the root 
which precedes the final is also made short except 
it be Exam. =S>COO^ do thou. 

28. When the command is given to an inferior, 

is affixed in the second person singular, and "©"f 
in the plural. Exam. -Ho, do this, 

also or do this ; 

this, ye. 

\ 29. The second person plural is made by ©ofi,, 

I or, according to some, by Exam. 

1 "^cCcoa,, do (this) ye. 

I' ^ 

30. When ^ is followed by cCS in the impera¬ 
tive, it is optionally changed to C:?. Exam. =15^005 
S^'^Sy do It. 

31. The second person singular of the impera¬ 

tive, is formed by affixing lb, when it is in the femi¬ 
nine gender, and the second person plural by affix¬ 
ing ■©". Sometimes the masculine plural also is in 
this form. Exam. do it; do 

it, ye. 



m 


TELTNG^ GRAMMAK. 


C^I 


OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

32. The subjunctive mode is formed by substi¬ 
tuting ^ for the final of the terminations of the in¬ 
dicative mode. This form of the verb is only used 
in that member of the sentence which contains the 
supposition. 

Example. 

Present tense. ^ 

^ Singular. 

if I were doing. 

2. if thou wert doing. l , 

3. if he were doing. 

* Plural. I 

1 . “SoSS) if we were doing. ^ 

2. if ye were doing. 

3. KT^Co if they were doing. 

Pluperfect Tense. 

, Singular. 

1 . ^ ^ &oh-^, if I had done: 

2. if thou hadst done. 

3. if he had done. 





OF VERBS. 


- m 


Plural. 

1. ■^ssSi if ice had done, 

2. if ^ chad done. 

, 3. Z5-^C53 if they had done. 

'<'■ Prelev Tense, 

Example. 

Singular. 

1. if I did. 

if thou didst. 

S. if he did. 

Plural. 

1. "SoSSj if we did. 

Sxj-’Co ^VoTT, if ye did. 

S. if they did. 

33. The auxiliary is used with the verb in 
the consecutive member of the sentence, but the 
verb is terminated as in the indicative. Exam. 
cSoo ^OCc^C§, hadst thou cooked, 

thou mightest have eaten, 

P 


fELING^ GRAMMAR. 


had ye cooked, I might or would have 

mien. 

S4. The initial of (he terminations is option¬ 
ally suppressed in the verb of the consecutive mem¬ 
ber of the sentence. The final \ of the roof is also i 
chang;ed optionally to Exam. ^ 

hadst thou cooked, 

thou mightest have eaten, i 

or had ye cooked, ye or the^J. 

might have eaten. . y _ 

•35. The final ^ of the termination of the thirl |! 
person sing'ular is optionally suppressed^ and ^ emj^ 
ployed instead thereof, is inserted before "<5S aftei 
Exam. ^“2^ he should do. 

. ' 2 . 

36. According to some^ ^ is inserted after th 
last radical of every verb except ^o, to be, when th 
" initial of the termination is suppressed. Exan 

if thou cookest I, thou, we, ye or they ma ^ 

' 0 , 

eat. 











OF VERBS. 


123 . 


37. When the initial of the terminations is 
suppressed, ^ is affixed instead of the remaining ^ of 
third person singular. According to the mo¬ 
derns, is inserted after the last radical when is 
affixed. Exam. or he mai/ do; Co, 

the^ may do. 

Here follows an example of the optional form of 
the verb in the four last rules. The other form being 
the same as the indicative, is not repeated here. 


Present Tense. 

Singular, 

1. 7 should do. 

3. thou shouldest do. 

3. he should do. 

Plural. 

1. we should do. 

2. ye should do. 

3. 35^^50 they shoidd do. 

P2 





t E h I ^ ^ J G n A Si R1 A H. 


12 ^ 

Fast Tense. 

Singular. 

1. I should, have done. 

2. thmi wouldest have done. 

8: looidd have done. 

Plural. 

1. 'So?55a ^Sl^ssS), we should have done. 

2. 5xr>t5o would have done. 

3. the^ would have done. 

38. When the subjunctive, preter tense, is made 

by the auxiliary to remain, "S an.d C55 are option¬ 
ally substituted for the initial of the termination. 
Exam. or dd’^g, tkoumighiest 

have done; or I might have 

do7ie. 

39. is substituted for the termination 

of the third person sing^ular to make the subjunctive 
preter. Exam, he might have doiie. 

'Itl- d?* or are optionally substituted for 
the termination of the third person singular of the 


OF V E n BS. 


123 '^ 

subjunctive preter. ' Exam. or 

if he might have done. 

Example, 

Singular, 

1. or 1 might have 

[done, 

2. or ^^doJ5:g;, ‘ thou migktest 

done. 

3. or he 

[_might have done. 

- Plural. I 

1. ^Scc> ^l-'do'dsss, or ^'^do:33ss>j, zee might have 

'i : . [done. 

2. :aj^nS ^|>do‘d?5o, or ^^do255Co, ye might have 

'r ^ ■ [done. 

3. ^'^dodt53, or ^’|>dcr53Co, they might 

[have done. 

^41. CCO was anciently prefixed to the auxiliary 
dj in the subjunctive preter. Exa?n. 
thou niighlest have done. 


220 


TEL/NG.i G.RAMMAR. 


42. . 0 ^ 0 , to he, is often used as a second auxiliary 
after (^l, to remain, U) form the subjunctive preter. 
^ is inserted after d J vvhen followed by ^o. Exam. 

or if thou maijest do 

it. 

43. The,subjunctive future is made by the aux¬ 
iliary to he. Exam. thou may- 

est do hereafter. . ^ 

44. When the first member of a sentence is ex¬ 

pressed with a participle, having the force of tlie ab¬ 
solute case, is affixed to tlie verbal root, which 
is followed by the adverb zohen; ^§‘13 substi¬ 
tuted for the final of TVs'® is optional¬ 

ly put after the verb of the consecutive member of 
the sentence.. . Exam. 

or 

when God shall he gracious, we shall 

bestow gifts. 

45. The particles TV’-w^, TV^W’, and 

are frequently constructed with a verb when used in a 
bencdictive or precative sense. Exam. 


OF VERBS. 




'Tiiciy Huri shew favour; 
g ma^ you be gracious. 

N. B. 7V^ and are seldom used ex¬ 

cept the verb be in the third person. 

46. The terminations of the first and third per¬ 
sons sin g^ular are optionally suppressed before 
7^*^ and Exam. 7\^-^ or 

may I do it; 7V=-s^ or may 

he do it. 

In this manner are conjug'ated nearly all verbs u'ith 
a final J preceded by a long vowel.' 

. 47. ^ is substituted for the fin?,! to hide, 

to be near, and of to plunder, instead of cCc : 

see Rule 16. Exam. he icill conceal; 

he will plunder. 



. to hide, to he near. Exam. § 
■' • ^ or he is near home, 

*" c.' ■ ' 


T E I> f N G G Jl A 1\I M A R. 


ns 

48. is substituted for tlie final vowel of 

to raise up, instead of : see rale 16. Exam. 'Zs> 
he will raise up. 

49. The 0 ^, must be doubled before if the I 
final p be preceded by a short vowel. Exam. 

he will give, from J, to give. 

50. is substituted for to bring, when fol- , 

lowed by S'©. Exam. he icill bring it. | 

I . ■ ■ 

5!. Tipsf is substituted fori^^, to die, when fol¬ 
lowed by ^o. Exam. he will die. j 

52. is substituted for to suffer pain, ! 

cl) 

when o'o follows. Exain. the boil 

throbs; he will suffer. 

■ - ■ s ' • ‘ ■ j 

i 

53. 'U^is substituted to come, when S'O fol- 
low^s it. Exam. 'o^'^Oc^, he will come. 

54. In the subjunctive preter of roots with a fi¬ 
nal ^ preceded by a short vowel, and in the adver¬ 
bial participle when it introduces another verb go- | 






OF visitBs. '3^9 

Verned by the same agent, ^ (and according to some 
’^) is substituted for the tinal letter. Exam. 
or he might have given, ^:§), or 

he might have brought it^ bringing, 

and he might have died, dying. 

55. is optionally substituted for the final of all 

roots ^vhich end in after a short vowel. is 

inserted after these roots before the auxiliary to 
continue. Exam. he comes. The 

rapdernsj.however, more frequently use the. common 
form as exhibited above to the root to do. Exam. 

/te comes. , 

56. is optionally substituted for the final of roots 
i^iding in ^ after a short vowel, in the preter.tense. 
In the third person the substitution is constant. 

Q 

, - , ; ^ <y. ;a0 a 

zir.rn’lo i>jn ■ ;.i; 21 

. :: zd:> . ■ ' h-.- ? 



TELXNQ^ A Mia AH. 


o' '-:: Examiile, ^ 

■''■• ... j- . 

•10 G:t l emtie: 

’ the^t coiiiest. 

B, he e<^mes;- ' 

*■ 

Plnral. 

1. Of we co7n€, 

3. ^C5 ^4)^6 or s<|^D. j/e come. 

3. trtSd coDie. ' 

5Y. ^ is aj^vfiys substituted for the final of roO|s 

ending in after ^‘^short vowel, in the pluperfect 
tense, the subjunctive mode, theitideclinable participle, 
and the gerund. Exafn. ^t3o 
ye had comes s5':^^'^fc§ if 

thou comesi he also will 'comey g(^i3of'Soo^O> 
haviTtg iodine they sat dowriy s^'^&)t>C53^ or s^^^oSSi' 
t^So, to come or for coming. 

58. ^ is substituted for the final of roots ending 
in after a short vowel when followed by the termi-' 
Eiation C5-<&). Exam, a coming. 



OF V EH B3. 


ISl 


59. is substituted for W.eoiTie^kn th^ fu¬ 

ture tense^ the optative mode, the subjuuGtive, and 
the negative. Exaiy^'^Ko^i mil 

he does not come. 

60. is substituted for to come, in the im¬ 

perative mode, second persoh singular. The termi¬ 
nation is ^Uppressedahd ^E^, according 

to the ancients, is substituted for it, , In the 

plural or are affixed. The final of 

is suppressed. Exam. op . came, 

_ comejte, . oic . v- ' rii 

‘ 61. "When an inferior is addressed^ and a degree 
of contempt intended, the "0® is doubled in the singu¬ 
lar, and in the plutal the ^cond ^5^ is also doubled. 
Exam. come, , come ye. 

62. In the precative forpi, and in one form of the 
subjunctive modUii is inserted after before 
the auxiliary to rempm. This form is the same 
in all the persons whether singular of plural. Exam, 
thou-ye, he, or they come. 

. ; 


T E L / N GRAMMA 11. 


ISS 

63. When theimpi^opriety of coming’is indicated 
theo^ substituted fors^J^ to come, is doubled. Exam. 

■ he ought not to come, • 

64. When is doubled, to go, is inserted 
between the two ^syllables, in the negative, 0^" is in-' 

. serted after the first syllable before^, go. Exai^. 

.. that it ought not to come, 

65. When a person is permitted tp come ipto 
anolher’^s presence, "or® is substituted for to come; 

is affixed for the second person singular, and ^ is 
inserted before all the other affixes. ^ is also" in¬ 
serted before^the terminations pf the first person, and 
before thdse of the third. 

.w,. ^ ;• a : 

.hofi', ■ < 'ii; ■! 1:: Example, ■■ : 

Siitgulaif. . ' 

1. I permit him to come. 

’ l^t him come: v ' i. i 

"o^iipy he permits him «o come.o 

. 10 , ^ , 

• • Hi: ' ■ . ‘pitiValV' ^ 

1. • me permit him . to come.'] . ^::i 

,3- permit him to-come, 

3. they perrpit him to eomCo 




OF T E R BS. 


133 


Of Roots a final 

p6, Wliqn to exist, is constructed with verbs 
with a radical | finab is inserted after it, in the 
honorific form, and ^ in the inferior, and the final 
becomes o. E^aifi. he eats, 0O(^ 

he eats, also he eats. 

67. When the terminations of the imperfect tense 
are affixed to roots with a final is substituted for 

. their initial Exam. I ate, thou 

didst eat, 8"^( 2 $, Jie ate, BPt), the;y ate. 

68. The imperfect tense formed by the auxiliary 
is used in the last member of a sentence indica¬ 
ting the act to have been done when some other act 
specified in the first member took place. In this case the 
Cy of is optionally joined to the final of the root, 

^ Exam. 00 -^ 0 ^^ or 

'o.dten I arrived, thou wast eating ; So^aSx> 

or when we 


m 


TE LIUGA on A M MA R. 


went, he was eating ; whenhe 

has cooked, we will eat. 

69. ccS is optionally prefixed to when it fol¬ 

lows the adverbial participle of verbs whose final radi^ 
,cal is Exam. or thou 

hadst eaten. 

70. ■fS is inserted after J when it is the last ria- 
dical, and o is substituted for it, in the future tense. 
The initial of the terminations is also suppressed. 
lExam. ^0^1$ or pc(b^t5o, or the^will eat. 

71. When or follow a root with 

a final the vowel 0 is inserted after it. Exam^ 

he will eat. 

72. The second future is often made by the auxi¬ 

liary in which case © is inserted after the final 
radical. Exam. he will ec^t here-1 

after. 

78. In the imperative mode, 0 is inserted before 
after 4, when it is the last radical. Exam, 





OF VERBS. 


i35 


is affixed to i’oots ^tith a fmal | to mak® 
the second person singular, honorific, of the irnpe- 
rative; to make the second person singular* 

and the second person pitfral inferior, ^xam, 

mt ; or bio^^ eat^e; 

eat thou; Sxr>t3o eat ye, 

75. 23$ is inserted after roots with s fi»^l j in* 

stead of the initial of the derminations of the hrst^ 

; and secoiid persons, and in the third person b 

substituted for in the fatter member of a sub¬ 
junctive sentence. Exam, having 

cooked, thou mayest eat; s3'oS>'S or 0e25SCo* 

' having cooked, he or they may eat. 

76. Some substitute ^ for the inittal of the 

, terminations, and ^ for the of This form 

is also used when the verb is employed in an inferior 
sense. Exam. thou mayest eat; they 

may eat; may eat ; and 0|)p, he may 

Si eat. 

t. ■ ■ 

77. When it is proposed that a number of persons 






tELlsbj GRAIvIMAR. 


m 

should join in art action, is affixed in the first 
person plural. When a person proposes to do a thing;/ 
it is expressed by the first^persori singular future 
t^nse of verbs with | for the last radical. Exam, 
we will eat^ 00 = 5 ^° / will eat, 

7S. In an interrogatory sentence where several 
persons mhke the efiiquiry, arid, according to 

somej are used as the terminations of the first 

person plrtrah According to the ancicrits, the ^of 
these terminations should be Exam. 

©oXTcSS or 00 -^^, shall we eat f 

79. fo see, to bring forth a child, Examl 

1 see; see thou; 

I will see a seeing ; she 

brings forth a child. 

80. When S^o-SSS is affixed to it means to 

appear. Exam. and 

it appears. 

81. to hear. Exam, I hear, 

I shall hear, hear. 





OF VERBS. 


m 


;83. When affixed to this root, it means 

i io be heard or to be the object of hearings and is-only 
used in the third person neuter. Exam, 
or it is heard. 

83. is inserted after to bear a burden^ 
)>when is used as an auxiliary. Exam. 

he bears^ a burdeiu 

84. When S^e>, s^o, &c. follow a root with a 
penultimate c^, that is changed to 0. Exam. 

he will gripe or pinch, he may. 

pinch. 

I 

85. (^J is used as an auxiliary to ^ oA, to lie doum, 

in all the tenses. Exam. he lies- 

down. 

86. 3 optionally substituted for the final of 

roots ending in when followed by &l. 4 is inserU 
ed after 

8T. is optionally inserted before c^|, after 

R 





m 


f E L /.N OA grammar. 


roots with a final I 

•SSS-S3oF°^2^;» weighs, he serves. , . ' 


88. is substituted for the final cy<|» of a ver¬ 

bal root when followed by to make the future tense. 
Exam. he will weigh or serve. ^ 

89. to come into contact, to unite, to co- 
haHt, is conjugated like other verbs with a final 

but has only one form, the insertion of (k4i not b’eing,^ 
admitted. Exam. he unites with. , 

90. When this verb is used to signify coitmw, arn 
impersonal verb is formed by affixing 0CCOS* instead 

of the terminations of the future tense. Exam. 

- ■' s 

coition is performed. 

91. When to bite, is followed by the causaj 

increment S^c^, the syllable or issubstf ^ 

.tuted for the final of this root, Exam. 

or he bites. || 


f'9^. When the second radical of verbal roots wit; 
a final is preceded by a long vowel, the penuti 











timate d* is optionally suppressed, unless \vhen ^is 
siibstitiited for the final. Exam. 


or ef he shouts. 

93 ^is inserted after roots with a fiual <b 
(^vhen followed by dj. Exam, 


he icillplace. ■ ' ^ 

9^- is substituted for the final of to 

when it is followed by c^i^. ,; 


95. ^ is optionally substituted for the final of 
to see,.in tii^ present and past tenses. 4 is,ins^erted 
after this ^ before dj. Exam. 


/see,and I 

sum, -iSx'^'t,^OVh’yhe will see, see thou. 


96. ^ is substituted for the final of to 

sit, before dj. Exam. I sit, ^ 

I he will sit. 

97. When means to lie down, d^ is inser¬ 
ted after it before the auxiliary dj. Exam, 

he lies down. 

R2 




140 


TELING^ GRAMMAR. 


^^8. is inserted roots with a final 

Exa?7i. he s^ieaks. ^ 

'' ) ' ■' 

to he, to exist. 

99. is iiiserted after this root when followed 
by the auxiliary in the present tense. Exam. ^ 

he is. 

100. is substitiited for to bt, when iteis 

compounded with any verb mentioned in rule 21, page 
116. Exam. he willhe ; 

will he, or will go to be; he mny he. 

101. When is used as an auxiliary to the sub-' 

stituted root the syllable ^ must be inserted be¬ 
fore it. Exam. he zvill be, -s^s5"o 

he must he. 

102. © is substituted for ^ in the preter tense, 

the adverbial participle, and the subjunctive mode, 
Exain. ©•^CtfO, he.was, ©0^, I was, he 

has been, ©, being- 

/ ■ 





OF VERBS. 


I4I 


103. is optionally substituted for in the 

p^st tenses. Exam. he was^ 

104. ' oCu is inserted in the subjunctive mode, be- 

forejthose terminations which have an initials^ or 
Exani. I may he ; thou mayest be ; 

or ©OCCP^, he may be; B 

dinner ready an hour ago ; © i 

as we have hadm good 
rh.there will be plenty (^of corn). 

105. This verb is used to express the conceding’,, 

or agTeeing to a thing'. E^am. yes, it is. 

106. The v^b =^0, it is enough, is regular. 

Exam. it is enough ; it is not 

enough. 

> 107. ^0, to he, is only used in the third person, 

and to continue, is used instead of it in the first 
and second. In the negative "0 is substituted in all 
the persons, * 


/ 


142 


TELINGJ GRAMMAR. 


Example. 



Singular. 

1 . / am: 

2 . i5/iOM ar^. 

3. ^OS^y he IS. . 



Plural. 


1. ^SSSi tee 

2. cs-T^^to, «re. 

3. ^t3o the^ are. 


108. When to continue, is used as an auxilia¬ 

ry to form the future tensC;, J is inserted before the 
terminations. Exam. I "^Hl do it; 

thou wilt do it. 

109. to he requisite, is only used as an auxi¬ 
liary to other verbs to form the subjunctive mode ex¬ 
pressed in English by must or ought. The regular 
terminations are not affixed to this root, but instead 
of them ^ is affixed in all persons, genders, and 
tenses. The observations page 116, rule 21, must 


143 


OF VERBS. 


be;attended to before s$"g. Exam. he, 

she, i<oe, tlx^u, they, ^c. must come. 


Of the Passive Foice. 


110. The passive voice is made by conjugating 
the verb to fall, with the verb. 


^ 111. The auxiliary verb d-|,«o exist, is conjugat¬ 
ed with to fall, when it is employed to make the 

passive voice. 


113. The syllable is inserted before the aux¬ 
iliary verb Cc-^, to exist, when it follows to fall. 

Rule 31, page 116, must be observed here. 


113. In the passive voice the pronoun 55^5^ he, 
aud a, (the substitute of ©a, she, or iQ are affixed 
to the verb d'|, to be. 

114. When ^5^, he, or a, she, or it, are affix¬ 
ed to the verb to make the present tense of the 
passive verb, © is inserted before them. 


144 



I E L / N G ^ G R A >I M A R. 


Example. 


■j.yM 


^ to do, to make. 
INDICATIVE MODfi. 



jyresent Tense. 

Singular. 

1. I am made. 

% thou art made. 

3. he is made. 

Neat 3. it is done. 



■ . V 


-Plural. 


1. weare7nade. i. 

^CCG^'So’^ yc «re mac?e. . 

3. ^CCb'S’^Z5bi:5o5§c5^Co. they are made. 

Neat. they are. done. . | 

N. B. and D, are by some used after ^ inil 

the same manner. Exam. ^ he is made; j| 

9fi- .i:. ■ u: /'• ' • -i: . . f 

sAe, or it is made, i: 

A- .. ;-10 > . H 

■ • ..?! 









O F V E n ItSi 


1-15 


^ 115. ^ is inserted after to fall, when follow-, 

ed t3y and to make the imperfect 

l'.ienxe/?f ^e.»/tssive voice. 

Singular. 

!■ I was 'tTicidc. 

2, tl^ou Wert made. 

3. he was made. 

S . 

^ niin-al. 

weitetemade, 
^CjCc--Ste&BD^ 3/e t£^erc made. 

3. they were made, 

* > t-"_ 

, .■ '.'iUi:. 3' ’ j ■' ^ 

1 io. S^l is inserted after to fall, when 
or ; are affixed to make the third person of the pre- 
ter tense of the passive voice. &xam. 

he was made I she or it was 

\made. 


\iv 


'.'Vt 


117. Some insert R after *^(1^ to fall, do not 
insert g^|, and some affix and a immediately af- 

I . . - > 

ter In this case ^ is inserted in the imperfect 

S 







146 


T E L ! N G ^ GRAMMA R. 


tense, and in the perfect. 

he toas made; or ip was mipde; 

he was made ; she o( d ua^: vw.de ; 

he has been made; shtor it has i 

been made, , * 


.shr.. 


Future Tense. 


" ' ^ ^ A 

118. 0 is aflixed to to fall, when foIIo;»'^'') 

it as an anxiliary. : 


1 . 


Singular. 

I shall or will be made. 


thou shalt or wilt hemadci. 
he shall or will be made. 


Fern. & Neut. ^Ol^^'^t^^OZ^,sheoritwillbemade\^ 


^(s ~ Oi. / 

Plural. 


1. ice shall be made. 

ye shall be made, 
they shall he made: | 

Pern. & Neut. they shall he madS 


■1 








6 F V E R B S. 


B7 


,119. 


^ is inserted to fall, when 

oi D are alBxed to make the third person future of the 
passive vo». Exa})P. heimll be 

made ; she or il will be 7nade. 

120. d is/by some .grammarians, inserted after 
’^A, to fall, and by some 'Sc ci is suppressed, and 
and are affixed to ^0, to make the future pas¬ 
sive. Exam. he will he made ; 

she or it iDillhe made; 

'' .s< a iJ 

^0u>, he will be jnade ; site or it wfll 

be made^ 'v, 


121 , 


e 

OS ' ; yo '. 


■Gj' ‘ ■ 


is Wostituted for be, in the passive 

voice. Exam. he ivasproduced. 

; u . • is oAii ’ 

d. -vsbA av h ^ V . . ,* 

122. XT is substituted for s to come, m the pas¬ 
sive V(?ice. a-- r 

Jeo'- ji-^- w3,n/!ih-;/a 8i cs^ .ir--.- 

ovi^-'.-^ -• '?vfm Oi, , ”d bv<; \!o'> r'- :b/ 

123;. o', -SSS is insertecLafter jjQOts. with a.final ^ wh^n 

. - y. •> oj il (.W o ••■'••■,.-^ ■ V ■ r 

the auxiliary d-J follows them. The final | is chang¬ 
ed to o. 

S 2 




T E i: / N G ^ ft A :\1 HI A 11 


US 


i >f‘ 


K 


tVlN\Ci c ‘ ■ ,p. 

: n: ■ - ii-. via (sk^'h 

k.j; J^i,P ^aL . .( .o^ 


.Vi • V i - . Sipgiilaf. . ; _ , .i' . 

1. lam eaten,. 

r thou art eaten* •>; : ^ ; : f 

c 3. 0^''^!^-a5S^'^^cSo, he is eaten. '.Lot 

Neut, it is eaten. ... v 


PluraU 


^ 1. iee_are eaieri. ^ , 

2. j/e ^?’e eaten. 

3. they are eaten^ 

Neut. those are eaten. 

a>. ^ .J .;u/ ’ 'tDJU) if *■• . ' ^ ^ 


'i jS 3 i\ . Cj^ <jj ■'-. I- 


i. 7 - i_*s • W-^ ; I- . .f . . . / 

Thus also ©^<fi:)!So-J5S^a, zs spohcny 
^a., zs seezz; it is heard. 


124. is suostituted fbrth^ final of a root, 
when followed by “^d:, to fall, to maLe the passive 
voice. Exam. it is weighed. 


'61 \ kaii .m!T 


.C 0> D 


•V 



OF VERBS, 


149 


■' V'' ’ 


Of the Verbal Noun. 


^ and are affixed to verbal roots 

to make the verbal noun. Exam. a doing. 

^ 126. The observation (RnleSl) must be observed 

,vvhen is affixed to verbal roots which have a 

final 1). Exam. a doing. 

" A 

13T. %ayto fall, is frequently^used as an auxU 
liary to form the. vevba[^ noun vvith a passive sig'nift- 
pation. Exam. ^OC)o|cC^(b and<^qDS<§^e^e^?5oa, 
•<? heing done, ^ -x , ■ 

128. The (^of c^d;) is suppressed after to he^ 
^f.xam.a being, . -r, :,.^b -Nl 


f y: . ■ ‘ i » 'J'L, 

129. is substituted.for^^ and sf insertedbe^ 
fore the termination 0^S5S) 
being. 


a not being. 


Exam. (t 


r i fG‘ 


I - —^ 

bSQ. TP" is substituted for to come, when 0 
is affixed to. form the verbal noun. s^ is inserted 
before this termination. Exam. « coming. 





150 


T E L f N G .4^ R X M JJ A 11. 


131. The substitution of IT for io co?7?e/a]so' 
takes place when is affixed to form the \ e|rbal 

poun. ca7/zm^. ’ 


Thus also the act of eating, 

a being eatehf a speaking, a seeing, 

a'hearing, a placing, « 

weighing. 


139. AVheh 'g^^« is used in the sense of serti- 

tlJi'j/ 


ing or ditmdtrig on ^ anotlih^ § is op tionally sub- 
< 1^1 ituted for k^’Tink'f; arid the termination suppressed, 
to form the verbal noun. 
a serving. 


Exam. or- 


133. is optionally affixed to many of the ver¬ 

bal roots with a final dli, to make the verbal noun. 
•iHns affix must occupy the place of the final dj). 
fi'xam. ^XSS"^, a iitmgi' 'N. B. Those roots which 
make the verbal noun optionally in d^ are marked 
with an obelisk in tlie foregoing list of roots. 

■ "131. 0 is optionally substituted for the peiiulti- 






OF V Ji R RS^t 


mr 

;mal^ d- of to churn-, to and of several 

other roots which; end ia di) . Exu?n. 

^X^t^^/>^a<hurnin<^. , 

135" ^s^'is optionally inserted before 02^?siin the 
place of the final c^-^l of |^536-4//o churit, and of‘se¬ 
veral other roots. When is not inserted, © is 
substituted for^the penultiinatej^i^’ Mxarn^ 
or a churning-. aViS . gVs 

136. The first of (^-'g i^ optionally suppressed 

ih forming’the verbal noun of roots with a final 
which have a long vowel preceding the second ra¬ 
dical. Exam. fcP tjo^ and a shouting. 

137. The final of i3^tSo?l to move slowlj/^ or 

hy stealth, is suppressed when d-e^is affixed, except m 
the causal form. Exam. ■^Co(b or a mov~ 

'*mg slowly ; ■^^tie-SSSdo or'w'tD^t^'cSSyi the causing of 

1 one to move slovoly or by stealth: ,r 

138. The verbal noun of ^r^XSsh,to cleanse or^ticin- 
< noic corn,'is optionally made by affixing instead of 




m 


O-ilASlMAIl. 


the last syllable of the root. Exam. 

Hsido, ^5^t)oi3ovb, "^^XSS^ 

-Soee^ssS), or a 

winnowing. *v ‘ 

-"t ' f ■ >• ri£k 

N> - 

1’39. is constantly inserted before to 

make the verbal noun of to rain^ and"©^, to 

rise up. . Exam^ a raining to 

rise up, o ' inuj.o r ‘.u 


N 


r 140. to go, is Used as an autiliary to formij 
negative verbal nouns k is inserted after Exam, 
a not commg. 


Of the Causal Verb, 

14i, is inserted after the root to niake the 

causal verb. ' ^ 


143. cJ5S is substituted for the final ^ of a root > 
when is affixed. . ’, 


I 


143, When the auxiliary verb cl-J foilows-S?©-255, 


must be inserted before it. 
Ae causes it to be done. 


Exam. ^QX),o-^ 


’'1 






O P Y E Il'B S. M 


153 


Present Tense* 


^ ^ Singular. • 

1. leausetodo. ' 1 

thou causest to do* 

'3. ^CAX)o-S5S^T“^2«o> he causeth to do. 

Plural. 

i 1. '^?5S toe cause to do, 

2. SxP’Co ^ax)o!3oi^‘^^t5o, ^e cause to do. 

3. ^co5of;$o?j5o'?^^Co, the^ cause to do. 




1 ’. 


144. is optionally substituted for thei;^ of 
4 is inserted after it when followed by the auxiliary 
to be. JSxiam." ^aX)o;g-^^ he causes. 


I . Singular. 

jj 1. I cause to do. 

i causest to do. 

U. Ae causeth to do. 


! Plural. 

1. ;goS5od ^cooc^-^^ssw, we cause to do. 
j 2. ^Co cawse to do. 

J 3. they cause to do. 

. . y 






imperfect Definite. ! 

Singular. 

1 . =aocoo.sss-?3oo&?> or 

causing to d^\ 

|>S) ^COOo^'53oo2o S) or ^COOo^o&S), thoi 

least causing to (1 
3. he was causing to do. _ , 

Plural. 

1 . 'SoSoi ^CCOo-^jS-^o^)^ or ^C00o^o^S)5, Wi; 

loere causing to d{ 

2. ^C 00 c^~£^o§ 0 D or ^a'Oo^cj^oD, n ' 

were causing to di 

3> ^CCCo^&, they were causing to do. 

Imperfect Tense. 

- 1 

singular. 

0 

1. ^C05o-S>B^, I caused to do. 

%% thou causedst to do. ^ 

3. he caused to do. 

Plurah - 

1. 'So sSa ^ 0000 -^ 0 ^, we caused to do. 

2. SX5^tja ^ccoo-aBb, ye caused to do. 

3. 7^tSS ^CWo-^b, they caused to do. 





OP V E H B9. 155 

145. J is optionally substituted for tbe-SS of 
when followed by J. 

5 

Singular. 

‘ 1- I caused to do. 

^ 2. thou causedst to do. 

3. ^CC0o^^t3S> he caused to do. 

Plural. 

i[ 1 . ^S55a ^C00oJ^S)a, we caused to do. 

I 2. Sxr»^ ^CCoo|^^ ^ caused tq do. 
t 3. ^C00o-g)D, the^ caused to do. 

i ■ 


Perfect Tense. 

Singular. 

1. li ;5o I have caused to do. 

2. ^QOoo-Qc^-^’>'^^, thou hast caused to do, 

3. he hath caused to dfi. 

Plural. 

1. ^CCOo-g)d'^^S55j, xjoe have caused to do. 

2. S)i3-=Co ^ OCOo-g:(d'^^\t5o, ye have caused to do, 

3. KT' Co ^QOoo-^d'-iP’^Co, they have caused to do. 





Pluperfect Teme. 


Singular. ' ^ . 

1. =3a»c-g)d-o?D^, I had caused to do. 

2. ^ 00 i)O'S)C 5 -o&S), thou hadst caused to do. 

3. ^0C6o-g)c^o‘S^^, he had caused to do. 

** Plural, 

i. SiS5S» we had caused to do. 

% =^COOo:S)do&&, ye had caused to do. 

3. uT’tJS =3005Q-S)do&D, they had caused to do. 

Future Tense. 

146. © is substituted for the (§• of SjoSG when 

the auxiliary follows it. . 

Singular. 

i. 1>?50 I shall cause to do. 

S. =S)CC0oi5^Og, thou wilt cause to do, 

3. he will cause to do. 

Plural. 

i. we will cause to do. 

% acr*t5o ^OoSoi^^OtSo, ye will cause to do. 

3. :g>COOo^^Ot3o, they will cause to do. 


IMPERATIVE MODE- 

147. The termination of the second person singu* 
lar is suppressed in the imperative mode. 

Sjngalar. Plural. 

^CCOoSio, do it, do it, 

148. ^ to do, is used as an auxiliary to form the 

causal of be. Exam. h cau$- 

td to he, 

149. In the causal of roots with a final gj?c» is 

inserted before ^ is optionally substituted for 

the of Exam. or ep 

J feed, or cause to eat. Future tensC;, 
d cause to eat. Past tense, 0^) 
caused to eat. 

J cause to speak. 

150. is substituted for to see, in theeau- 

sal. Exam. or 

7 cause to see, I shew. 


JS&? 


IE GRA MMA R. 


151. When is affixed to io hear, it means 
to he heard or td 6#? the object of hearing', and is only 
used in the third person neuter. The causal is made 
in the same manner, but has all the persons. Exam, 
or it is heard. Causal, 

or 1 cause to hear. 

153. ?iD is substituted for the final of o^L, to see, 
before the of the causal. is inserted before 

Exam. 

1 shew. 

153. In the causal form “So to place, is com¬ 
pounded with 02^, to sit. is inserted before 

Exam, I cause to sit. 

154. g^?o is substituted for the final dfDof a ver- • 

bal4oot, befbre the causal inci-ement ^ is op¬ 

tionally substituted for the ^ of S^oiSo, and^ iirserted 
after it. Exam. or 

he causes to weigh, or to serve. 

155, When move slowly or by stealthy 

is not causal, neither nor J' arc inserted, l^utin 


i 




O F V E n B s. 


159 


the causal form they are both inserted, and the cha¬ 
racteristic is suppressed. Exam. 

he moves slowly ; and 

he causes him to walk sZow/y. 

15^. is affixed to to ooze ov leak, in the 
causal, before the auxiliary to he. J is also in¬ 
serted after cj J>. Exam. he pours 

it out. 

157. A second causal, or a doubly causal verb, is 
formed to to ooze out oi'leak, by affixing 

to tile root before the auxiliary Exam^ 

he causes him to pour it out. • f o 

15S. is added topS^o, to blaspheme God, to 

enter a place with the body shruu^ or contracted, to 
make the causal. When this root has the meaning 
of creeping or squeezing into a place, soipe.changc 
it to iu the causal. Exam. or 

makes him squeeze himself in. 

159. is,substituted for Jhe penultimate ^ of a 
verbal root in tlie .past tense^" and wheii the causal 


160 


) . 

increment is affixed. Exam* 
he makes him gripe it* 

160. The final J) of those roots marked * in the 
foregoing list, is changed to in the causal. Exam, 
he heats* 

Of the Kegative Verb* 

16L When the verb is negative, the precept, Rule 
^1, page 116, mustbe observed, and the of the ter¬ 
minations suppressed* The same form is used in 
all the tenses. The feminine and neuter singular 
end in :35, . 

Example* 

Singular. 

1. ^ do if* 

2. %% thou wilt not do it* 

3. he will not do it, 

Fem, Neut. ^cCS^t;55, she or it will not do it. 

Plural. 

I* ^S3S3 ^oCc^SSoj,, we will not do it* 

2. SxT’CiS ^cCo^Co, ye will not do it, 

3* ^CCS-gtJo. they will hot do lU ' ‘ ' t 





161 


» F V E K S. 

162. is substituted for ^ J, to cbmey and for 

to he, in a negative sense. } 

( 

f Mxampled • . 

Singular. 

; 1. *o^^, I will not come. 

v2. 'O'"®, thou wilt not come. 

3. he zvill not come. 

Fern. Neut. she, oi' it will not comes > 

Plural. 

1. 'So?5co' ice will not come. 

2. ^^X5S '^XSS, ye will not come. 

S. c^tSS, they will not Come. ' ' 

j> . ■ ■ ■ 

1 Singular. 

F I am not. 

V ^ 

2. thou art not. 

S. scr^c^b -^c^, he is not. 

Fern. Neut. "^255, she, or it is not. 

Plural. 

1. 3cS5S) “S^ssS;, ^se are not. 

2. Sxr^tSo "^XyS, ye are not. 

3. they are not. 

U 




m 


TEL/NG^ GRAMMAR. 


163. When the of the terminations of the pre¬ 
sent tense ard suppressed after to fall, the aux¬ 
iliary of the passive voice, the verb is negative. In 
this case ^ is affixed to 

Singil lar. 

1 . I am not made, 

2. thou art not made. 

3. he is not made. 

Neiit. ^cCo^'^c!^235, she or it is not made. s 

PlurslV 

1 - we are not made. 

2. ye are not made. 

3. they are n,Qt made. 

Fern, and Neut. they are not made. \ 

164. is suhstituted‘for-^ 0 ^ to he, when it is us¬ 
ed negatively either in its proper sense.orasau aux¬ 
iliary to form the potential inod.e. Tiie ^of the ter¬ 
minations is suppressed. 





©F V E n 


J63 


Example, i 

■V 

Singular. 

i cannot do. 

^CCc<§‘©§, thou canst not do^ 

3. he cannot do, 

Fera. she cannot do. 

Plural. 

1 . ice cannot do. 

'^^X5o ;i)e cannot do., C^' y\ £ - 

3. ^cCo'|'©& cannot do, ' 5 -Aoco 

c, • ^ 

Singular, 

F I am not, ■ ’ ' . 

2. *0^, ^Aom aW ?zo^ r ( , , 

3. ^2^ liS^j he is not, 

Fenio 1)2^., she is not, 

. . ■' ' \ 

Plural, 

1, ^ssS> "©JSS), ice are not. 

2, 5xp>Co fitSo, ?/e are not. ^ 

3, iCT^tJo "©tOj they are not. .. 0 ., , 

US 



rEL/IJG^ GRAMMAE. 


IG4 




Of the connecting or indeclinable Participle. 

1. is affixed to verbal roots to form the inde¬ 
clinable participle^ which is either present or past as 
suits the sentence. ^ Exam, ^ 

* ■J-''V' i-.j’. .. 

having cooked he eats^ 


2, When the action is performed for the ag-ent, 
is affixed to make the indeclinable participle^ and 
is optionally inserted after- the root. Exam. 


?ss> or =g>;;^2So, he hav¬ 

ing cooked zoill ;;f^G00oF5S^^, having caused it 
to be done. 


3. When the participle*is negative, it is formed 

by affixing to the verbahfoot when modified by 
Rule 21, page 116. Exam, ?iot hav¬ 
ing done, he zoill not 'come ; ^CCCc-lS’^ not 

having caused it to be done, he zvill not come. 

4. Some use instead'of 0%,'’ Exam, ^ 

not having done, he will not come. 

5. When (fie act signified by Iheveib is finished 








OF VERBS. 


165 


before that denoted by the participle, the participle 
made by Exam. =3)CCo-SS' 

he cooked before eating; 

^CXX)oi^^ =Sceoo-S)‘?^cSb, he made 

him bathe beprefeeding him. 

Of the Gerund. 

6. 0oJ5S§5, cT and are affixed to 

verbal roots to form gerunds, 

7. Id is prefixed to and wlicu 

they follow a verbal root, ^ is affixed to the root. 
The of is suppressed before a vowel. Exam. 

pr =S>1P2 d§^^§6, for doing, or to do. 
^(XOo^ ootSSSo or for the pur^ 

pose of causing {him) to do. 

8. The precept Rule 21, page 116, must be ob¬ 
served when r^^SS is affixed. Exam. 

for the purpose of doing, or to do ; 
for the purpose of causing him to do, 


r E L J N G ^ G » A HI M A K. 


Mi )i 

9. Sometimes is affixed in the same manner 

as to form the gerund. Exam. 

^ J9re/?«red coo/r. 

10. When the necessity of the action is implied^ 

the future participle passive, or the adjective an¬ 
swering to the English ones ending in -able or -ible is 
formed by affixing to the root when modified by 
Rule 21, page 116. Ex. necessary to he 

done ; ^CCOo|5,\55j necessary to he caused to he done. 

( i 

11. When the gerund ends with the 

giibstituted for sfp, to come, is followed by Exam, 

to come, or for corning. 

. ' ' r V 

12. When the negative is formed by 0^, the sub¬ 
stitution of "o^ for takes place. Exam, not 
having conic. 


• ; I f. 1 



V; 


i 

; 


\ 






O K V E R BS. 


107 


The manner of Compovnding' other verbs with the 
Gerund. 

13. When -gp, (0 go, follows the gerund, the ^ 

of the gerund is suppressed. When is used as 
the auxiliary of to go, ^ is inserted before it. 
Exam, he will go to 

cook ; he will go to cause ft) 

to be done ; he will go to do it ; 

I loill not go to do it ; we 

will not go to do it. 

14. fo come, is compounded with other verbs, 
or rather with their gerunds, and gives them the 
sense of the subjunctive expressed by maj/ in English, 
also that of icorthiness or fitness, ot'eminence in, or 
an eminent degree of the act, or that of ascertained 
unfitness, 

15. When to come, is an auxiliary in either 
of the above senses, ^55S is substituted for its final, 
and the three persons have the same form. Exam. 

he may or will do it, he is worthy to 
io it, or he can do it well. 



T E L- / N Cr G K. A 51 51 A It. 


I OS 

16. When is an auxiliary conveythe 

sense of ascertained unfitness, is substituted for 
the final of Exam. he is 

certainly unfit to do it. 

17. When s<Jt is compounded with another verb in 
its own proper sense of coming, the form is regular. 

Example^ 

Singular. 

1. I come to do. 

2. thou comest to do. 

3i he comes to do. 

Negative. ^ do not come to do it 

niural. 

1 . ^C come to do. 

2. Sxs-Co ye come to do. 

3. 

18. to be able, is constructed with a verb to 
fw’m the potential participle. Exam. 

o5Sjj able to do* 

19. to be, is often constructed with the verb 
in the above senses. ^ is affixed to The tenni- . 






OF VERBS. 


m 

nation is the same in all the persons. Exam» 

(this) ma^ be doiie. Negatively. 
^tliis maiji not b§ done. 

20. to be capable, fit, or loorthy, and 

to be enough, are often compounded with otheE roots* 
C^C55 is inserted after these roots, and the of the 
terminations suppressed.. Exam. 
t dm jit to 'do it. ^OCc.2^Xb5g), thou artjit to doit.. 

21. (vo is substituted for the final of the ter¬ 

mination of the third person singular. is inserted 
before it: Exam. =^(j:^^§^ 7 ^^, he is Jit to do it;' 

I am Jit to do it. =5>ccS<Si:;pew^y 
he is Jit to do it. Negatively. 

^ODo-^=SJ^02«o., he is not Jit to do it. 

.. ■ ■ . - t 

22. is affixed to and in the sub*^ 

junctive feminine singular. Exam, fcf 

she may be Jit to do it. 

23. The indeclinable particle =up>(2X), enough, no 
more, may have ^ optionally affixed to it. Exam.. 

r 







TEJiZNG^ GRAMMAR. 


170 

'1 

or rice enough^ ornomore 

rice. 

to come in contact, to r^ctncilt,'^^en 
Used as an auxiliary, is the same in all persons of the 
Isubjunctive mode, and expresses the sense of bein^ 
fit or \i^drthy. 

25. is affixed to when it is compound¬ 
ed with another verb, in the above sensei . Exam. 

he is worthy do it. 

he is not Jit to do it, 

26. ^o, to be, when an auxiliai^y, makes the verb to 

bein thefuture tense. Seepage 115, Rule 19. It also 
makes thepotential modeyan'd is only used inthethird" 
person. Exam. he is able to doit." 

Singular. 

1. l^(3o I can do. 

% thoii canst doi 

he can do. 

. Plural. 

1. 'SoS5o5 ice can dp. 

2. c«>2 rfo. 

^ t3o the^'^cando. 






'■ ' y-TS li jyi- 

OfSHndhi; 

Or the Permutation of Letters inthe junction of one 
word 

' 1 . A" short vowel when it ends a'w^rd is usually 
sdppressed it' followed by a vowel. Exam, 

young, and 0 ^, ati aunt, when joined^ are written 

older, and an aunt, are written 

^ ^ ■ T 

2, When the final votvel of the first word is not 

suppressed, oCe is inserted after it. Exam. a 
father, and an diiht, are wHften^^Cl^sS or 

3, ^5^ is affixed to the names of the following 
measures of capacity, viz. 

^ssw, and to express 

the quantity of corui or any other substance, which 
they contain ; in this case the junction is made by 
suppressing the final vowel of the name of the mea- 
■Y2- 



17;^ TE L JNG>< G R A M MA R. 

sure. Exam, ^"^<5 

4. A long^ vowel ending* a word is not suppressed 
when followed by another word beginning with a 
vow.elj but is inserted after it. Exam, 
and0^,fx mother, whenjoined, are written 
my, and an elder sister, '^cCcSf . 

The following are promiscuous examples. 
a road, and giving, 

bringing, and gjog), or 

(XO®).- 

6rmgmg„ andjCl-oj §9 S), xoast, ■S:g)(jCSboSo 

S^g), gwmg, and thou wast, 


thy, and ©ccS^, a father, t^OCccCo^. 

your's, and 0^, gm elder brother, Sicr (xC't§ 
g^o'g, a wish, and ^7^, may it be, 
beauty, and ^7^, may it be, 

Sjo^, a tvish, and giving^ S}o?co:g). 

beauty, and g?o;g), giving, 
a wish, and c^oS, being, g^o^o^; 

<^0^, beauty, and being, 




OF V£KBS, 


ITS 


a wish, and mounted on, 
beauti/, and mounted on, 
a wish, 

beauty, and 2o, 
a wish, and being, 

beauty, and being, ^o"o3. 

flUt 

g^o^, a wish, and it is^ S^o^. 

beauty, sluCl'^, it is, 


5. When ^ follows a word ending with ^ 

coalesce, notvyithstanding an intervening vowel. JEx, 
o^p^, a loish, and ^oS>, when joined, are 

written g}o^oa. . , / .'v ^ 

' ^ 7 "^ 

6. When c^, also, and, follows a word, it is unit¬ 
ed with the final vowel. Exam, he, (^, also, 

'S^t^,here,'^^,is not, when joined, are written 

..'Oi '...-• 

7. A short ^ and ?o are not suppressed wlien fol¬ 
lowed by a vowel. Exam. a root, and 

having ascended, are written a 

throne, having ascended, are written X^u5o^, 



mi 


TELfNG^ GKAMMAU, 


itifiensoever, and thesCj are writtea 

C0c<5S^C^'^^5^.-o . . .:<' .,v: 1..; . / .. .; 

8* . When ^,even, used for emphasis^ is pjaced after 
a word, it is.united thereto b_y; the above rules. Exam, 
^'^,now, even, and they gave, are writ- 

ten C00@&’. ' 

is inserted after 59. Exam. S^P^, dcsir- ^ 
ed, being, and they dwell, are written S}o 

10. In. composition is substituted f^^ 

SSg-», for ours, for thy, 

for ^c^%.,your*s, for he, she, it, for 

h&i, this man or thrng4<^, for wh j, ivho ?2o, 

for ? and 13®, for cCc^?^, what ? when 

used contemptubusly,* or to indicate interrogation. 
These are placed before the words with which they 
are compounded, and joined to them by the above 
rules. 






OF V K SI B «« 


175 


Examples. 


and a mother, ave yvritten ^i^ 




. ' .(S^CCO^ 


555 ^, our, and e5^, a father^ . SSj^CCeg)*^ 

thy, and a father, " 

^, 3 /oMr*s, and a brother, '^ ^ 

that, and a mother, 

■^, this, and 0^, a brother, 

'^, which^ and 0OCl^,g, a father,^ 

2o, what ? and 0^, a mother, ' 

lohai ? and thou art come hi¬ 
ther. lVkat, a7^t tfiou come ? 

’^, what ? and ^5"^, ickat ? 

what F and ^hat; 

. ,, j , has she^ given it pr not? 

what f and ^d '^t"0.[ ^O5o^a^0, mat 

a speech is this F 


11. When any vowel, ^ excepted, follows it.is 

. A • • ' ■'■■ ''■ . '..j ; . •■' I ' i 

sometinies corruptly written with bi^t always pro¬ 
nounced like OC^. Exam, his, and 0^, a 

mother, is written but pronounced ssr'i 




m 


lELJTNG^ GjaAMMAIt. 


hiSy and a sister, is written and 

pronounced white, andc^©, garlic, is 

wriUen *^^0, but pronounced 

12. ^6, why ? ^y this, ^y tvhen it marks' ah 

interrogation, when it indicates doubt or uncer¬ 
tainly, ani when it marks the emphasis, are pro* 
uoiinced as if preceded by eCC'i Exam. thou, 
why f arid thou comesi, is written 

why comesi thou f and pronounced 

this man's bear, is pronoun¬ 
ced one article of mine, is. 

pronounced 

pronounced evenmine, is pronounced 

. . - - 

1^. No vowel excepi; has the sound of ecS af¬ 
ter d-. Exam, -^^ thaty arid a brother, 
written and pronounced 

14. g} after g{ has not the sound of Exam. 
o5~^t>, their and a house, is written and pro¬ 
nounced 







OF S 17 > D H 


177- 


15. is optionally substituted-for the vocative 

particle 2o when it is not preceded by another word^ 
but if another word precedes it, the substitution con^ 
stantly takes place. Exam, 

O ten-headed, O beloved, 
0 sovereign of the night prozclers. 

0 motjier, (this is) your son. 

16. this, and ^ who, are often written oocr® 
and obo* 

17. When e?, he or that, this, and ^,who ? 

what f which, arc followed by « place, and ^ 

time, they becom^hort, and the initial of the 
last member is doubled. Exam, here, 

no 7 v, when. 

18. Single vowels, when they are separate parti¬ 

cles, follow ing a w'o'fd, arc not suppressed, nor isoCb 
preiBxed to them. Exam, 6b I may 

have spoken this word 

19. ej, and, also, whoi f hut, an'd-^ indicating 

W 







m 


TEL/KGJ G RAM MAR. 


ptayefj inteiTOgation, and contempt or reproach, and 
^3 emphatic, are placed after a word without an inter¬ 
vening cC^. Exam, what ? 

—is he there? turning or walk¬ 
ing hither and thither. but he 

was there. e 5 ^-'CP e:? 553 ^(b ©o&S), even then also 
he said it. 'Oxi^ are ye displeased? 

thy son-in-law^ (contemptuously). QM® 
this son-in-law (contemptuously). 

SJo&S), What—didst thou speak then? ^Ssp 

What ? —if I have spoken I have spoken. 

hast thou done that business ? 
must thou also say that? 
1>1> must I say that? cCSs^S^ 

tf 555^65 who could have said that ? 

do Oh ! could I say this ? 

20 . (^, and, also, yes, especially when it is an 

emphatic particle used in derision, is not suppressed 
or changed when followed by another vowel. Exam, 
thou must speak. 

I know what thou 

didst there. 







OS SUV DU 


179 


Wlien ^ an emphatic particle is joined to the 
end of a word^ and is followed by another word with an 
initial vowel, it is not suppressed or changed. Exam. 

will follow from speaking 
thus ? if he said it, he said it, 

22. When what .^joined to the end of a word, 
gives a sentence an interrogative meaning, or when 
it indicates doubt or disrespect, it suffers no change, 
although followed by another vowel. Exam. c&o'^vP 

^^553^, Or — soy, what is that ? 
there or here. a'Sos-* or—I have said^ 

23. When a vowel follows though it be not 

added to the end of a foregoing word, it is not sup¬ 
pressed. Exain. ^ *^553^65, or—can it 

be right to say this f ^ whatsaidesi 

ikon f ^ did he speak or not f 

Oh ! if he said it, he said it, 

24-. The words and a another, ©gi, 
a father, and n brother, are also used a« exck- 
W g 


\ 



J80 TEhrVGA ••RAMnrAR. 

-mations to indicate surprize, or the asserting* of a 
thing by asking a question, when the surprize is 
great, the exclamation is repeated. The initial vowel 
of a Word following these words is not altered. Exam. 
0^ Oh ! so much loorJi! 0^ ^ 

"S=^l!33, Oh ! so much work cannot he done by. 
me J 0^^ Oh ! so great a man! 0^^ 

Oh ! can so muchhe done by met' 
:(nndoubtedly it canX. 

S5. When the final of these words is made long, 
they constantly indicate surprize, an,d the vowel foJ,t 
lowing them suffers no change. Exam. 

■c Oh! Oh ! I cannot this. 

26. S^, when a vocative particle, is not joined to 

the following vowel. This is the case also with -©4, 
which is used when the person called is at a distance. 
Ex, come ye liithev. 

come hither, S|(bD Ho ! come hither, 

S^SS5/v^ why do you not cQme?-r-^ 

am coming. 




OF S 17 N 1) K 


181 


The following miscellaneous examples are here add¬ 
ed to illustrate the foregoing rules. 
art thou now come, hast thou given the 

bundle f I gave it then. S5'g6^ 

he c ome to-dai/ or not ? 

ToBS), art thou the owner of this? 

I said, lohat is in this? 

~^t55, Ok ! he did not know him to be suck 
a man. come immediately (an¬ 
grily). 2^5 Ho ! do not so 

(angrily). ^cdSt^ hear this word, -61 

S 3 S-®& didst thou say this f 'U^tSS ^SSSo'^'u) 

will f my husband) not come f what sayest thou. ^ 
^' 300 -^ 0 ^, what does the girl sayj ^35^ 

^ZSS, the girl says nothing. 0^;^^ when or 

what ^ IP^ of what day f or when f ^ 

how f a ship is come, 

g^eJ^T^ Sj'g'iD^ ecolot)7V, Is it right that thou hast 
come alone, please to hear 

one word, 55^5 Ho ! the learn- 

ed man calls. hear one word, p 

^ 2c§' mustthou also speak f Sis’g 

the house is excellent. 


N 



-182 


r E X.I N a ^ G n A M M A R. 


that also is excellent. ^5^ sowze- 

fmc, once, eoo&o"^ ?oo6X)5^, w)?// iA/5 be salutary 
or not ? ^ ^o(b?ris. It will be salutary. 

'Sr^’^Ss^, Oh f what —2oD, Oh! what? t^a 
Ho ! is she unable ? ^’So*o|>'^, or is 

she indeed unable? son’tJa will ye not come? ^o'Ss^ 

sy^=S5‘®a^ OA / w>^ere wiwsi zee come? |) 
^ a^so defeated. S)o’g 2c&>a, 

cuew £^e chamber is broken down. 

2 ^, Ae «Zso is defeated. ^ ^ ®/zo zs defeated ? 

^ 0 ^ 3 ^ ?!oa^^3^t35> ^ 0 ?e m<5;wj/ /laee been defeated ? 
^ ^So’oCSS 1)255, he is neither defeated nor any 
thing else, ha ! ha ! ha I 

Of the Sundhi of Consonants^ 

27, at the beginni ng of a curren t word of u n cer- 

tain derivation, when it follows another word with a 
linal vowelj is often changed for X; fS for 2§ ; ^ for ^; 
and ^ for <S), Exam, and make 0^ 

fC a mother-in-law and a wife. ‘So'^ and 

€0 make a sister’s daughter. and 







OF S £? N 1) H /. 


183 


make an elder and a younger 

sister. and ^o\Q) make ^ mother and 

a father^ and make an 

elder and a younger brother * and •Ss^eo make 

breast milk. and ftPSSoj make 

^S3S>, a great serpenL 

Sometimes, however, these changes do not take 
place. Exam, and written the 

sea of milk, and written <t 

new wife. and written by them* 

?ci^ and ^©_,xvritten ?o^^€), a mother’s sister. 
and written ?j>^“obSex3, great and small. 

23. The and ^ of the increments ^ and p, 
which are inserted before the terminations of the 
cases of nouns are often suppressed when the ter¬ 
minations themselves are suppressed in forming com¬ 
pound words, and the increment is followed by X, SS, 
^ or s^. Sometimes also o is substituted for the re¬ 
maining! of theincrement, and sometimes the whole 
syllable is suppressed. Exam, and -eSS-o-SX is 

written TTssob^ g«ro ia^sJoo> 3 grp-g) or 

having seen Rama. and 



164 


GUAMMAIl 


is written ef 

€:f^2S^‘S)i having seen thecoio. 

29. If the increment ^ follow a long- vowel, it is 
optionally suppressed. Exam. and is 

written having yourself 

seen {it). and -S$rs-S) is WTitten and 

'S), I having seen^ 

39.^ These changes do not occur in the junction 
of Sungskrit words, or those derived from Sungskrit 
ones. Exam.^o'^o^^^ Neelkuntha. 

2^, Ectma-Chundra. 

31. ^ arid (k in the middle of a word are often 

suppressed. Exam. 1>D-S) is written having 

studied. is written being in contact. 

g'e'oX^ is written the opening of the eye. ^ 

is written ^o^cod, the breasts. 
is vmtten a great serpent. -aSc^o^ex) is 

writtten -z^lTjr^exD, breast milk. 0^2^ is Writteri 
thus. But when g> or are initial or final, 
they are not suppressed, except by some other rule. 
Exam, g^g)^, now. here. 0^t^, there. 


/ 





- Sometiirres these vowels are not suppressed in the 
middle of a word,, nor in the junction of two words. 
Exam. ^ spake. he 

saio. -£^3-0=3,^^ this man saw^ 

32. that, this, and loho, frequently be¬ 

come short before a consonant, and the consonant is 
doubled. ‘ E.vizm. fcp So O, written also that 

mountain. written also this word. 

written also /iOMj ? 

This however frequently does not take place. 
Exam* fc?o^8iP, that king, what wordp 

this custoin. 

33. When 'o^g' is affixed to thus far, 

how far, and a little, to make adverbs 

of quantity, the final ^ is optionally suppressed. Ex, 
and thus far, hitherto, 

and how far f but a little way, 

has only one form. 

34. The final p of thus much; how 

X 




386 


rELIN-G^ GBAMMAH. 



much ? and a little, when followed by a 

day, is optionally suppressed.. Exam, sO’ 

lartg a little ‘while ; but hom 

long F has only one. form, 

.35. If the above w'ords are followed by time, 
iho change tabes place. Exa??!: thus long, 

how long ? a Utile while. 




0 156 




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